Browsing by Author "Thangalakshmi, S."

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Challenges prevailing in photovoltaic electricity in india: a broad perspective /
(Springer Nature, 2021-10-06) Thangalakshmi, S.; Sivasami, K.
India has a huge potential to generate solar electric power due to its topology and weather pattern. The typical kWh reaching the planet from the sun is in the order of thousands of trillions annually out of which most of these regions get 3.5 to 7 kWh/m2 every 24 h. The solar energy in nature can, in turn, be applied to the heating system/space heating as well as to the establishment of electricity by means of solar-thermal and solar-photovoltaics. In addition, the capacity for extending solar power in our homeland is massive. The complementary part of solar is that it can also be produced as distributed energy, which enables the current ability to be added within a short period. The supplying of electrical energy to the areas that have limited access can be electrified easily by solar stand-alone power and, it is also possibly used for heating and cooling of villages and metropolitan areas. The sun is often considered supreme in terms of safety. Preferably, even a very minimum percentage of the solar energy harvested could potentially serve the needs of the entire country, although it involves real-time difficulties. In the current Indian situation, the generation of thermal power with regular hydro-carbon based material is well applied due to its cost efficiency. Solar can be supplied at a minimal cost via continuous development work and the launch of new technologies. This paper identifies the fundamental challenges/barriers in the procurement of solar power in India, in particular by photovoltaics, which could serve as useful guide for energy engineers and offer specific guidance on how to procure solar electrical power and other applications in an acceptable manner.
Climate change over south indian coast due to aerosol and air pollution
(International Advanced Research Journal in Science, Engineering and Technology, 2022-06) Thangalakshmi, S.; Sivasami, K.
The two most serious dangers to nearly 60 percent of the world's population living in Asian monsoon zones are the growing severity of droughts/floods and decreasing air quality from increased aerosols. These simultaneous challenges have driven a huge amount of study on the effects of aerosols in influencing Asian monsoon weather and climate during the last decade. An aerosol is a colloid of small solid particles or liquid droplets suspended in air or another gas. The excess volume of aerosol in a certain place will have an impact on the health of living organisms as well as the regional climate. The Asian monsoon area is a major source of aerosol emissions from both man - made and natural sources. Aerosol loading patterns are extensively controlled by diverse meteorological and climatic regimens, which in turn are modified by aerosol impacts. Shipping emissions have garnered attention due to their harmful impact on regional climate and air quality at ports and along coasts across the world. As a result, recognising the aerosol in a certain place is critical. CO2, NOX, and SOX emissions from air pollution cause cloudiness and accelerate climate effect 'Radiative Forcing' (RF). Positive RF causes heat, while negative RF causes cooling. These also have an indirect influence on weather due to the Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) ability of clouds, which has a significant impact of gases and particles. An increase in Sulphur may result in a decrease in Negative RF. Several techniques are applied to assess the range of aerosols, such as LIDAR, photometers, particle analysing methods, and so on; in this case, we utilise a particulate analyser to determine the amount of aerosol. To find out, we maintained the particle counter and analyser on the ship's top deck and examined the aerosol concentration over the atmosphere of the south Indian coast.
Climate change over south indian coast due to aerosol and air pollution /
(IARJSET, 2022-06-16) Thangalakshmi, S.; Sivasami, K.
The two most serious dangers to nearly 60 percent of the world's population living in Asian monsoon zones are the growing severity of droughts/floods and decreasing air quality from increased aerosols. These simultaneous challenges have driven a huge amount of study on the effects of aerosols in influencing Asian monsoon weather and climate during the last decade. An aerosol is a colloid of small solid particles or liquid droplets suspended in air or another gas. The excess volume of aerosol in a certain place will have an impact on the health of living organisms as well as the regional climate. The Asian monsoon area is a major source of aerosol emissions from both man - made and natural sources. Aerosol loading patterns are extensively controlled by diverse meteorological and climatic regimens, which in turn are modified by aerosol impacts. Shipping emissions have garnered attention due to their harmful impact on regional climate and air quality at ports and along coasts across the world. As a result, recognising the aerosol in a certain place is critical. CO2, NOX, and SOX emissions from air pollution cause cloudiness and accelerate climate effect 'Radiative Forcing' (RF). Positive RF causes heat, while negative RF causes cooling. These also have an indirect influence on weather due to the Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) ability of clouds, which has a significant impact of gases and particles. An increase in Sulphur may result in a decrease in Negative RF. Several techniques are applied to assess the range of aerosols, such as LIDAR, photometers, particle analysing methods, and so on; in this case, we utilise a particulate analyser to determine the amount of aerosol. To find out, we maintained the particle counter and analyser on the ship's top deck and examined the aerosol concentration over the atmosphere of the south Indian coast.
Congestion management in deregulated power systems using generator rescheduling with particle swarm optimization
(Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience, 2017) Thangalakshmi, S.; Valsalal, P.
The sizable progress of power demand has directed to viable electricity arcade in which the vertically integrated utilities are unbundled as Genco, Transco, and Disco. The structure of deregulated market is not same in all countries. But in most of the countries, the power production and retail sales are competitive, while transmission is still regulated. The most responsible entity in an exposed access power market is Self-governing System Operator (SO) whose liabilities include structure security, control delivery, transaction pricing, service quality and elevation of financial proficiency and equity. One of the most important disputes associated with modernized power market is congestion of Power ransmission lines. The usage of these lines through the power producers and the consumers closer or outside the assigned limits makes the line congested. Usually higher load demands lead to congestion of transmission network. To alleviate congestion an Ideal Power Flow method with generator rescheduling is embraced in this paper. Also, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is adopted to resolve the ideal power flow and the outcomes are compared with Linear Programming Optimal Power Flow (LPOPF). Congestion is replicated using Power World Simulator and the suggested method is tried on IEEE 30 bus system.
Congestion management in restructured power systems with economic and technical considerations
(Asian Journal of Information Technology, 2016) Thangalakshmi, S.; Valsalal, P.
Restructuring of monopolistic power systems is inevitable in this day and age to cope up with the radical growth of power demand. In developed countries restructuring is already in place while developing countries are getting accustomed to it. Above and beyond the benefits to consumers in terms of economy and quality, there are several challenges prevailing particularly in transmission while exercising deregulation. The foremost challenging task of Independent System Operator (ISO) is managing the transmission line congestion in a deregulated power system. In most of the congestion management techniques, only the economic aspects are considered. This study proposes a technique to manage ongestion considering both the economical and voltage deviation aspects wherein Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) and Fish School Optimization (FSO) algorithms are used for managing congestion. These techniques are implemented in 62 bus Indian utility system and the results are compared with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique. The minimum voltage deviation for electronic industries and acceptable voltage deviation for high power applications are considered with suitable weighting factors in the objective function.
Congestion management using hybrid fish bee optimization
(Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, 2013-12) Thangalakshmi, S.; Valsalal, P.
Congestion management is a task performed by Independent System Operator (ISO) to ensure the operation of transmission system within limits. In an emerging electric power market, congestion management is highly important and inefficient management can be a barrier to electricity trading. To minimize congestion, it is required to maximize transmission line generation and decrease its cost. A Hybrid Fish Bee Swarm Optimization based algorithm to manage congestion is proposed to achieve this objective. The Fish Bee Swarm Optimization is based on two algorithms namely Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) and Fish School Search (FSS) methods. The proposed algorithm is validated on an IEEE 30 bus system. Results show the performance of the proposed optimization technique decreases congestion.
Data analysis and artificial intelligence in the marine sector /
(REST Publisher, 2024-09-06) Sivasami, K.; Thangalakshmi, S.
This paper investigates the revolutionary influence of data analysis and artificial intelligence (AI) in the maritime sector, with a focus on cargo handling, ship route planning, and fuel efficiency optimisation. By integrating modern data analytics, cargo operations may be monitored and managed in real-time, which improves safety measures, decreases operational delays, and increases inventory management accuracy. AI-driven algorithms optimise ship route planning by analysing large datasets such as weather patterns and marine traffic, reducing travel time and operational expenses. Furthermore, predictive analytics and machine learning models are used to improve fuel efficiency by optimising engine performance and detecting maintenance issues before they cause costly downtime. This paper conducts a thorough analysis of these technologies' uses, assessing their influence on operational efficiency, cost savings, and environmental sustainability. The paper emphasises the crucial role of data analysis and AI in revolutionising old marine processes, eventually propelling the industry towards a more efficient and ecologically conscious future, through a series of case studies.
Designing and controlling the speed of single phase induction motor using raspberry pi System
(Journal of Embedded Systems and Processing, 2017) Thangalakshmi, S.; Dinesh, M.
The induction motors are widely used in industrial drives since of their low cost and flexibility. The control facet is very essential for any drive. This paper proposes an economical method of INDUCTION MOTOR speed control with efficient performance. The induction motor speed variation can be easily attained for a short range by stator voltage control. The terminal voltage across the stator winding of the motor can be varied to achieve the preferred speed control by controlling the firing angle of the semiconductor power devices (TRIAC in this paper). RASPBERRY PI 2(model B) plays an important in our project. Raspberry Pi is very small in size and it is a low cost device. Raspberry Pi has a Quadcorebroadcom BCM2836 900 MHz processor and 1GB RAM. It can perform all the work similar to a computer and can be referred as minicomputer. Python language must be used for this. It uses Raspbian operating system based on Debian distribution of LINUX.
Direct torque controlled induction motor drive for electric vehicles application /
(IEEE, 2023-06-01) Thangalakshmi, S.
Manufacturers are now very interested in the motorization control of commercial Electric Vehicles (EVs). This paper describes an Induction Motor (IM) control methodology used in EV applications. Motor drive control is critical in EVs, and IM-based drives are better suited for EVs. For IM drives, there are essentially vector and scalar control techniques. Low performance is a disadvantage of the scalar control approach, but Direct Torque Control (DTC) is an excellent approach for IM speed control by effectively controlling the torque and flux. The alternating current (AC) is taken as a source and connected to a rectifier circuit. However, the functioning of the Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) with variable switching frequency might be determined by the availability of hysteresis controls for torque and flux. The DTC-controlled IM drive is developed in MATLAB/ Simulink tool and the performance of the motor is evaluated by the obtained results. The motor’s torque and speed response are examined.
Effect of panel materials on the performance of solar cells
(Palarch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 2020) Thangalakshmi, S.; Ganesh Ram, V.; Sivasami, K.; Sathiyasekar, K.
Electrical energy has become part and parcel of our life as all the domestic modern appliances use electricity because of its cleanliness, availability and ease of control. Also, conservation of such energy is paramount not only on economic aspect but also to extend the life of resources for further use. Presently, most of the electricity is generated using power generating plants that use coal as fuel. In addition to produce energy, they do contaminate the environs by discharging flue gases chiefly carbon dioxide. The extent of carbon dioxide discharged into the air as an end result of actions of a specific individual, group or public is referred as carbon footprint and globally there is a call for reducing this carbon foot print to curtail its unfavorableimpacts on the society. Hence, though there are other resources like oil and gases are available for producing electrical energy, they do have the same effect. They are unsustainable. More than conserving the energy, it is highly needed to use renewable and sustainable energies to produce electricity. The cheap, clean and available renewable energy is solar energy. Photovoltaics (PV) is a guileless and smart method of hitching the solar energy. PV cells/solar cells are exclusive in that they reliably deliver electricity through the solar radiation hitting them. All the solar radiation falling on a PV cell or panel is not completely converted as electrical energy but it is decided by the materials used for PV cells. There are various other factors that judge the outcome of a solar panel namely, the temperature, solar irradiance, fill factor etc. The aim of this study is to explore and relate the various materials used for PV panels based on their properties and other significant factors. This will serve as a guide for researchers for choosing a proper material for a particular application.
Electronic trapping and monitoring of insect pests troubling agricultural fields
(International Journal of Emerging Engineering Research and Technology, 2015-08) Thangalakshmi, S.; Ramanujan, R.
The impulsively fluctuating climatic conditions and the supplementary effects demand the protection of forestry and cultivation. Pests, bugs and insects are the vital issues that distress the development of crop. Eventually, monitoring and trapping of bugs becomes a more challenging task. The traditional human operators execute surveys of the traps dispersed over the field at regular intervals. This encompasses more work, requires considerable time and is not consistent. It is not effective on economic grounds too. These limitations in the existing systems call for automation with affordable cost. Effective pest trapping will be highly favourable to the farmers while capturing and sending the images of pests will be helpful for further analysis in agricultural fields. Moreover, this will be definitely helpful in reducing the usage of pesticides since automatic trapping is efficient and effective. An electronic trap for pest insects by an autonomous monitoring system using black lights (Ultra Violet) and LED lights is suggested in this paper. A statistical analysis is made on the probable time of high pest population and a trap with three layers of different thickness is designed to capture various sizes of prominent pests. A low-cost image sensor is used to capture the images of trapped pests and the images are sent to a remote control station. The information thus acquired enhances the estimation of pest concentrations in farms. The entire analysis is carried out in paddy and brinjal fields and is supported by MSSRF (M S Swaminathan Research Foundation), Chennai.
Energy storage systems - Possible impacts on maritime sector
(International Journal of Innovative Research in Electrical, Electronics, Instrumentation and Control Engineering, 2022-06) Thangalakshmi, S.; Ganesh Ram, V.
Typical marine vehicles either use diesel or diesel-electric power, which produces toxic pollutants that impact the health of those who live near the harbour. The use of the Battery-operated Electric Propulsion (pure-electric) technology would decrease hazardous pollutants emitted by sea vehicles to zero. Concerns over critical environmental degradation and fossil fuel usage have captivated the automotive market, particularly in maritime vessels, in recent times. The oscillations generated by strong dynamic loads serve as an additional difficulty in ships. To improve stability in shipboard power systems, many generators are now maintained online at far lower than their efficient point. So, to increase the fuel mileage of shipboard power systems, a simple option, a compromise between fuel savings and durability, might be presumed: minimal generator operation with ensured safety. In contrast to previous systems in which propulsion and service loads are powered by distinct generators, propulsion and service loads are linked into a shared network in pure-electric ships to achieve reduced fuel economy with lower emissions. Integration of an energy storage system (ESS) is said to be a useful strategy for increasing the reliability of the shipboard power system. Batteries, ultra-capacitors, flywheels, and fuel cells are examples of energy storage technologies that are now employed in a variety of applications. Marine batteries are particularly developed for sea transport, having larger plates and more resilient structure to handle the stress and hammering that might arise on any powerboat. These batteries have been designed specifically to suit the prospective and future demands of marine transportation applications. This study examines many types of maritime energy storage devices that have been widely employed to enhance the overall efficiency of sea transport.
Energy Storage Systems - Possible Impacts on Maritime Sector
(IJIREEICE, 2022-06-16) Thangalakshmi, S.; Ganeshram, V.
Typical marine vehicles either use diesel or diesel-electric power, which produces toxic pollutants that impact the health of those who live near the harbour. The use of the Battery-operated Electric Propulsion (pure-electric) technology would decrease hazardous pollutants emitted by sea vehicles to zero. Concerns over critical environmental degradation and fossil fuel usage have captivated the automotive market, particularly in maritime vessels, in recent times. The oscillations generated by strong dynamic loads serve as an additional difficulty in ships. To improve stability in shipboard power systems, many generators are now maintained online at far lower than their efficient point. So, to increase the fuel mileage of shipboard power systems, a simple option, a compromise between fuel savings and durability, might be presumed: minimal generator operation with ensured safety. In contrast to previous systems in which propulsion and service loads are powered by distinct generators, propulsion and service loads are linked into a shared network in pure-electric ships to achieve reduced fuel economy with lower emissions. Integration of an energy storage system (ESS) is said to be a useful strategy for increasing the reliability of the shipboard power system. Batteries, ultra-capacitors, flywheels, and fuel cells are examples of energy storage technologies that are now employed in a variety of applications. Marine batteries are particularly developed for sea transport, having larger plates and more resilient structure to handle the stress and hammering that might arise on any powerboat. These batteries have been designed specifically to suit the prospective and future demands of marine transportation applications. This study examines many types of maritime energy storage devices that have been widely employed to enhance the overall efficiency of sea transport.
Energy storage systems : possible impacts on maritime sector /
(IJIREEICE, 2022-06-27) Thangalakshmi, S.; Ganeshram, V.
Typical marine vehicles either use diesel or diesel-electric power, which produces toxic pollutants that impact the health of those who live near the harbour. The use of the Battery-operated Electric Propulsion (pure-electric) technology would decrease hazardous pollutants emitted by sea vehicles to zero. Concerns over critical environmental degradation and fossil fuel usage have captivated the automotive market, particularly in maritime vessels, in recent times. The oscillations generated by strong dynamic loads serve as an additional difficulty in ships. To improve stability in shipboard power systems, many generators are now maintained online at far lower than their efficient point. So, to increase the fuel mileage of shipboard power systems, a simple option, a compromise between fuel savings and durability, might be presumed: minimal generator operation with ensured safety. In contrast to previous systems in which propulsion and service loads are powered by distinct generators, propulsion and service loads are linked into a shared network in pure-electric ships to achieve reduced fuel economy with lower emissions. Integration of an energy storage system (ESS) is said to be a useful strategy for increasing the reliability of the shipboard power system. Batteries, ultra-capacitors, flywheels, and fuel cells are examples of energy storage technologies that are now employed in a variety of applications. Marine batteries are particularly developed for sea transport, having larger plates and more resilient structure to handle the stress and hammering that might arise on any powerboat. These batteries have been designed specifically to suit the prospective and future demands of marine transportation applications. This study examines many types of maritime energy storage devices that have been widely employed to enhance the overall efficiency of sea transport.
Fuzzy logic control for speed control of three phase induction motor with variable frequency drive in marine applications
(International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods, 2021-12) Thangalakshmi, S.; Sivasami, K.
Marine electric propulsion systems typically include variable-speed electric propulsion motors with propellers that employ a variety of converter control techniques. The precise management of the rotational speed of a three-phase induction motor is crucial in finding the best speed for the navigation environment. This work examines currently existing propulsion drive system control techniques and implements Fuzzy Logic Control for three phase induction motor speed control with variable speed drive having minimum harmonic and effective output. The entire set-up is simulated and analysed in MATLAB. To limit the harmonics, appropriate filters are utilised, and the total harmonic distortion factor is used as a metric to quantify the harmonics.
Hongkong convention: impact on environment due to refrigeration waste in ship recycling: an Indian perspective
(Interdisciplinary Research in Technology and Management, 2021-09) Das, Krishnendu.; Sivasami, K.; Thangalakshmi, S.; Das, N.
Considering strict environmental concerns and compliances to protect our Globe, sustainable developments in maritime domains comprises of ship building process, transport by shipping and ship recycling process. All three phases having concerns to environmental impacts, but evidence of the impacts of present ship recycling process undermines the Maritime Education’s contribution to sustainable development. Ship breaking process includes complete scrapping or partially dismantling of vessels. At the yard, various parts, equipment, hull sections, superstructure materials, pipes, gears etc. are segregated after dismantling. These segregated scraps are recycled and re-use in various industry which is the most important business for ship breaking industry. About 85% ship recycling of the globe are mainly in Bangladesh, India, China and Pakistan, where environmental impacts and health hazards are serious concerns same mentioned by Vally Athanasopoulou. In India, ship recycling process from long time is following in primitive way which is unsafe and has tremendous health hazards.
Implementation of UPFC for voltage sag mitigation using particle swarm optimization
(Journal of Power Electronics and Devices, 2017) Dinesh, M.; Thangalakshmi, S.
Maintaining the voltage profile in transmission line is very much important to maintain powers system stability. Due to load fluctuations, the voltage in all the buses may not be maintained. FACTS devices are much helpful in voltage compensation. UPFC is one among the FACTS devices which is used to serve this purpose. The load is increased in IEEE 30 bus system to simulate voltage sag condition. The location of UPFC is found using particle swarm optimization (PSO). The power loss during fault and the corresponding dip in voltage is compensated using UPFC. The power flow shows that the voltage in all buses is maintained within the permissible limits. The entire simulation has been demonstrated in IEEE 30 bus system.
Intelligent vessels with robotic gesture control /
(Springer Nature, 2023-09-28) Sivasami, K.; Thangalakshmi, S.; Kumar, Bandi Rakshith
The crew’s safety is the most important aspect of any ongoing vessel. Many tasks on the ship are unsafe to the crew, so robots may be used to ensure the crew’s safety without compromising work quality. This lets self-driving ships to be designed lightweight and with fewer crew members, thereby lowering the use of fuel and their ecological impact. It is planned to use a gesture control robot for this purpose, which could control some ship operations from shore with a confined crew on-board a vessel. When working on these gesture control robots, internet of things (IoT) will be used for signal transmission from shore to ship as well as ship to shore. Arduino or Raspberry Pi controllers can be used to capture and transmit a signal, and a sequence of commands can be given ahead of time to overcome serious emergency situations. A signal transmission station and a signal transmitting suit may be required to accomplish this, which propagates a signal to the IoT cloud server, where the signal is further transferred to the centralised receiver plant onboard, which contains a receiver and a decoder and sends signal to the robot comprised of a micro-controller like Raspberry Pi or Arduino, which controls a motor and mimics our gesticulations. This paper presents a detailed study of a multi-degree autonomous ship, as well as an examination of recent literature and the various gesture control mechanisms with numerous applications.
Machine learning methods for marine systems
(IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2021) Thangalakshmi, S.; Sivasami, K.
Automation plays a key role in shipping industry and aims towards minimal operating staff. However, the effective automation relies on effective controlling at various levels starting from shipbuilding to navigation. The industry is currently focussing on autonomous shipping which actually requires precise controlling. Although many conventional methods are available for control and automation with regard to automation, Artificial Intelligence Schemes (AIS) are widely attracting the maritime sector because of their benefits. The AIS along with fuzzy logic systems are offering promising results. The emerging use of AIS in a variety of maritime applications can act as a reference wpoint for new researchers. This paper aims to conduct a valid AIS study and to examine the various machine learning approaches used in various maritime applications. It is possible to achieve complete automation in the shipping industry by implementing a related technique.
Nodes performance improvement uasn by using biological inspired algorithm /
(IEEE, 2023-06-01) Sivasami, K.; Thangalakshmi, S.
Underwater Acoustic Sensor Network (UASN) routing is difficult for several reasons. First, the UASN's energy consumption rises because the distance between nodes changes as it moves with the water current. The gathered scientific data packets are sent from the acoustic network to a receiving station on land. Second, there are difficulties with the underwater acoustic network, such as longer propagation delays and lower capacity because of danger. The biggest hurdle is inefficient data packet transfer between the UASN node and the onshore sink node. Finding a method that uses less energy is just the first step in reaching maximum efficiency. The underwater routing protocol has to be resilient in the face of connection failure brought on by extreme weather or power outages. The Modified Buffalo Optimization Algorithm is a novel optimization technique inspired by nature. The issues listed above may be avoided by using the Modified Buffalo optimization Algorithm that has been presented in this study. It was implemented in the NS2 simulator to evaluate the program's effectiveness and through its paces against the Chimp optimization method. In terms of throughput, packet delivery ratio, and power efficiency, the simulated results shows that the MBOA algorithm out performs COA Algorithm.