Master Dissertations

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A comparative analysis between smart warehousing and traditional warehousing
(Indian Maritime University, 2023) Moni, Anchita; Ghosh, Riya
Warehousing is regarded as the most important component of supply chain management because to its commitment and capacity to establish seamless and effective logistic operations. While logistic costs are regarded as an essential component of the overall production costs, organisations and such operations are crucial in defining a company& competitiveness. Numerous businesses are thinking about how to operate their warehouses cost-effectively and efficiently, especially in light of recent advancements in supply chain and logistics technology. Warehousing is the act of taking on the duty of storing finished items, raw materials, work in progress, and spare components. The concept of warehousing is the process of arranging and managing everything in the warehouse to make sure everything functions as efficiently as possible. In addition, maintaining the proper items, managing new stock entering the facility, packaging and shipping orders, tracking and improving overall storage, and arranging for dispatching finished goods to end customers are the key actions and responsibilities of having a warehouse. Hence, warehousing is essential to ensuring that the desired goods are kept until they are delivered to clients, which is what any organisation wants most of all. Moreover, the changes in operations and processes of warehouses should cover every activity in warehousing which includes Receiving, Storage, Replenish, pick upon, shipping, cross dock, and value-added logistics. The warehouse is built to fit into a space where the amount of accessible surface area is limited and to meet all needs for daily operations in the warehouse. The most crucial elements of the warehouse& layout are constructed to meet the following requirements: Loading and unloading zones, a reception area for new receipts, a storage zone for items, a picking zone for assembly, and a delivery dispatch zone. The warehouse was constructed by the business to maximise efficiency and space utilisation. By making the most of the space that is available, minimising the handling of goods, facilitating simple access to the stored goods, and achieving the highest rotation ratio are all desirable. Docks, picking storage, and racking systems for storing goods are some of the features used in the plan to facilitate the smooth inbound and outflow of supplies. In addition, there is the given the size of the warehouse, the building& ability to accommodate the number of pallets that can be arranged on the racking system there. The warehouse has open storage spaces and three docks for loading and unloading cargo. The operators collect or transport the necessary commodities from/to their storage area as the delivery or pickup trucks and RMs arrive at one of the loadings /unloading ports. The inspector & responsibility is to examine all incoming and outgoing merchandise for quality, quantity, packing, and invoicing. On the other hand, the Inventory Encoder & responsibility is to update inventories into the system in both cases—in and out. Also, forklift operators are knowledgeable about how to control the handling procedure and where to store the items, which are typically located closer to the docks. The warehouse is built to fit into a space where the amount of accessible surface area is limited and to meet all needs for daily operations in the warehouse. The most crucial elements of the warehouse& layout are constructed to meet the following requirements like loading and unloading zones, a reception area for new receipts, a storage zone for items, a picking zone for assembly, and a delivery dispatch zone. The warehouse was constructed by the business to maximise efficiency and space utilisation by making the most of the space that is available, minimising the handling of goods, facilitating simple access to the stored goods, and achieving the highest rotation ratio are all desirable. Docks, picking storage, and racking systems for storing goods are some of the features used in the plan to facilitate the smooth inbound and outflow of supplies. In addition, there is the given the size of the warehouse, the building & ability to accommodate the number of pallets that can be arranged on the racking system there. The warehouse has open storage spaces and three docks for loading and unloading cargo. The operators collect or transport the necessary commodities from/to their storage area as the delivery/pickup trucks arrive at one of the loadings /unloading ports. The inspector & responsibility is to examine all incoming and outgoing merchandise for quality, quantity, packing, and invoicing. On the other hand, the Inventory encoder and responsibility is to update inventories into the system in both cases in and out. Also, forklift operators are knowledgeable about how to control the handling procedure and where to store the items, which are typically located closer to the docks. Here I have done various researches including major functions of the warehouses and how did the transformation take place from manual to smart warehousing. Efficiency of smart warehouses and how it has a huge impact on the industry. Primary research consists of the followings: a basic idea about smart warehouse, discriminatory factors between smart and manual warehouse, the main reasons for transformation from manual to smart warehouse and the main factors impacting the efficiency of smart warehouse.
A Study in Friction Stir Welding on Marine Grade Dissimilar Metals
(Indian Maritime University, Kolkata Campus, 2024) C, Harshit; Chakraborty, Sadananda
Friction Stir Welding is an advanced technique for joining dissimilar materials, mitigating traditional welding issues like solidification cracking and distortion. This study explores friction stir welding for marine-grade Aluminium Alloy 6063-T4 (AL6063-T4) and Magnesium Alloy AZ31B (MG AZ31B), highlighting their lightweight and corrosion-resistant properties suitable for marine environments. Chapter 1 provides a comprehensive background, goals, and benefits of the study. It includes detailed analyses of relevant journal articles and modifications of general articles pertinent to this project. To improve both the weld quality and the efficiency of the friction stir welding process. Chapter 2 goes into detail about Tool geometry which is critically examined to enhance weld quality and friction stir welding efficiency. Steady-state temperature analysis identifies the optimal tool shape using "SolidWorks" for superior mechanical and thermal performance. The tool assembly includes a high-speed steel (HSS) drill bit and an H13 tool steel shoulder. In Chapter 3 a custom vertical milling machine welds two alloy plates, modelled independently in ANSYS for thermal analysis. The study uses SOLID70 elements for three dimensional thermal analysis, with precise boundary conditions to ensure accurate predictions. A tetrahedral mesh captures high-temperature gradients and stress concentrations, providing insights into deformation, stresses, temperature, and welding properties. In Chapter 4, AL 6063-T4 and MG AZ31B alloys are joined using friction stir welding, with specific surface preparation and butt joint configurations. Mechanical testing includes Vickers microhardness and tensile tests, revealing variations in joint hardness and intricate stress-strain behaviours. Failure analysis identifies TMAZ as the primary failure site, emphasizing its diverse texture structures and fracture initiation. Chapter 5 focuses on optimizing hardness and tensile strength through experimental and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis. ANOVA assesses the impact of rotational and travel speeds on tensile strength, finding rotational speed significantly influences tensile strength. Verification runs confirm the effectiveness of optimized parameters, with minor discrepancies suggesting areas for CFD model improvement. Lastly, friction stirs welding successfully welds 6063 T4 and AZ31B alloys at 430–490°C, enhancing microhardness and joint integrity. While joint tensile strength is lower than base materials, optimization at 1120 rpm and 63 mm/min improves yield strength. Future research should explore microstructural analysis, material innovation, application-specific studies, environmental impact, and standardization, underscoring friction stir welding's potential across various sectors.
A Study on the efficiency in operations of Adani Liquid Terminal at Adani Ports & Special Economic Zone (APSEZ), Mundra.
(Indian Maritime University, 2023) Ojha, Vaibhav; Dasgupta, Mrinal Kumar
One of India's greatest commercial empires, the Adani Group, is promoting Adani Ports and Special Economic Zone Ltd (APSEZ). The Group's activities span a variety of sectors, including logistics, ports, and coal mining and trade. Rail and shipping; thermal and renewable energy production and transmission; agricultural commodities and related businesses. The largest privately owned port operator in India is Adani Ports and Special Economic Zone Ltd. For India, they have created, purchased, and grown a portfolio of ports infrastructure and services that is unmatched in India in less than two decades. The study outlines the fundamental operational procedures for Adani's liquid terminal, highlighting particular difficulties at the facility such as truck tanker traffic jams, pipeline pigging, and storage tank issues. Economical cleaning technique, limitation on liquid cargo overflow. Adani Ports is equipped with the tools necessary to overcome obstacles and compete effectively on a global scale. In fact, Adani Ports is the only port in the nation with the ability to handle and store a range of cargoes, including liquid cargo, dry bulk, broken bulk, cars, and crude oil. Mundra can accommodate four million TEUs and the biggest post Panamax ship. The Special Economic Zone (SEZ) spans around 200 km. Mundra is one of India's major ports because of the 11 communities that are located around the SEZ. The paper also emphasises the demand for oil on the international and Indian markets, as well as a comparison of the two. The section demonstrates Adani's export import portfolio as well as the numerous actions it takes to implement its own business model and strategy in the bulk liquid industry. The different upgrades that have been suggested. As the port itself is the biggest in India and provides a variety of liquid freight operations. For certain cargoes, the port has 6 berths and its above. IHC business has 17 dredgers in total at the Adani port. Beyonce used dredging for berthing when the water was shallow. More than 100 storage tanks and cutting edge amenities for luring clients for services & operational operations. Around 18 tug boats are available for pilotage at Adani Ports. There were 2 LNG gas canisters, each with a capacity of 50,000 MT. Containers are organised by number starting with the numeral 82 on the ship's deck.
An Empirical Study for Understanding the Container Operations in India
(Indian Maritime University, 2023) Pandey, Anjali; Ghosh, Riya
The current situation of container handling in the nation is examined in the thesis report on the study of container operations in India. The report offers a thorough review of India's container operations' regulatory environment, port infrastructure, and containerization process. According to the study, containerization has been crucial to the expansion of foreign trade in India. However, the port's infrastructure is inadequate for managing containers, which causes blockages and delays. According to the paper, in order to enable the expansion of container operations throughout India, port improvements and the creation of a thorough regulatory framework are required. The report also identifies several challenges that hinder the development of container operations in India, including inefficiencies in customs clearance procedures, lack of standardization in container handling, and the absence of a unified port tariff structure. The study recommends the implementation of measures to address these challenges and enhance the competitiveness of India's container operations.
Analysis of thermal behaviour of a microprocessor using simulation and experiment
(Indian Maritime University, Kolkata Campus, 2023-07) M, Naveen; Das, Nachiketa; Mondal, Sabyasachi; Mishra, Deepak
Thermal management of microprocessor is considered as an important factor in computer appliances. Several analysis and methods have been discussed regarding the scope of heat sink and microprocessor. The shape, size, material of heat sink and velocity and direction of air from the CPU fan plays an important role for thermal management of microprocessor while running the CPU. In this research a numerical and experimental analysis is done for the heat sink and microprocessor in order to understand the thermal response. Numerical analysis is done using software ANSYS 2023 STUDENT R1 version and an infrared thermographic study has been done as part of experimental analysis on the CPU model HP COMPAQ ELITE 8300 SFF. Microprocessor used in this experiment is Intel core i7 chips and exact dimension of CPU chassis have been taken for the numerical part. The thermal images are captured with Fluke Ti 450 camera. The device offers high spectral resolution while taking the thermal image. Analysis shows there are small deviations between the numerical and experimental part. Using nanofluids, a method is also been discussed for thermal management of microprocessor as a substitute for heat sink, for future scope of the project.
Analysis on Port Performance Indicator of Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port
(Indian Maritime University, 2023) Kumar, Gaurav; Dasgupta, Mrinal Kumar
The performance of ports plays a crucial role in facilitating global trade and economic growth. In this study, an analysis is conducted on the port performance indicators of Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port, one of the major ports in India. The aim of the analysis is to assess the efficiency and effectiveness of the port operations, identify areas of improvement, and suggest measures for enhancing the overall performance of the port. The study employs a quantitative approach, utilizing relevant data on port performance indicators, such as cargo throughput, vessel turnaround time, berth occupancy rate, container handling, and productivity, among others. The data is collected over a period of time, and statistical analysis, trend analysis, and benchmarking techniques are applied to assess the performance of the port. The findings of the analysis reveal the current status of the port's performance, identifying strengths and weaknesses in different areas. The study highlights the need for improving the port's operational efficiency, optimizing resource utilization, enhancing container handling capacity, and reducing vessel turnaround time. Additionally, the study identifies the need for technological advancements, infrastructural upgrades, and operational streamlining to improve the overall performance of the port. The results of this study are expected to provide valuable insights and recommendations for port authorities, policymakers, and stakeholders to implement strategic measures for enhancing the performance of Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port, and thereby contribute to the growth and development of the maritime trade sector in the region. Further research and analysis in this area are warranted to continuously monitor and evaluate the performance of the port and implement effective strategies for sustainable port operations.
Assessment of the Effect of Reverse Logistics on Customer Satisfaction in India
(Indian Maritime University, 2023-05) Sanyal, Nicholas; Pattanaik, Krushna Mohan
The main question that this paper seeks to answer is: How does customer expectation and experiences of the reverse logistics process in India affect the level of customer satisfaction? Factors such as ease of initiating the process, interaction with customer care, on-time pickup, quick dispatch and delivery of correct or replacement items effect the overall satisfaction of customers and decide whether they will prefer to continue to use their services or not. Reverse logistics involves managing the movement of goods and materials back from their point of consumption to their point of origin for recapturing value or proper disposal. The process includes several stakeholders, such as retailers, manufacturers, logistics providers, recycling facilities, and customers. It involves activities like product returns, refurbishing, remanufacturing, recycling, and disposal. Reverse logistics is gaining importance as companies aim to minimize waste, retrieve value from pre-owned items, and follow environmental guidelines. Efficient reverse logistics management can help firms reduce waste, recoup value from used products, improve customer satisfaction, and adhere to environmental rules. The efficient movement of goods is essential for the success of modern supply chains, which have become complex and multi-locational. The logistics industry deals with the movement of goods from one point to another, and reverse logistics involves the process of returning materials from the consumer back to the manufacturer or distribution center for recycling or proper disposal. This movement of goods in the opposite direction is equally important to the forward movement. With the rise of c-commerce and digitalization, consumer and industry expectations have increased significantly. This paper focuses on the Indian ecommerce industiy and the gap between end-consumer and industiy perspectives. Using customer surveys, this paper proposes solutions based on big data and blockchain to address these challenges. It should be noted that the survey data is limited to Indian consumers and may not be applicable to other demographics.
Biochar Reinforcement in Epoxy Composites for Enhanced Mechanical Properties and Fire Resistance
(Indian Maritime University, Kolkata Campus, 2025) K, Vishnu Anilkumar
In response to the growing need for environmentally sustainable and high-performance composite materials, this study explores the use of bamboo-derived biochar as a reinforcing filler in epoxy resin composites. Bamboo was selected due to its rapid renewability, abundant availability, and high lignocellulosic content, making it a viable precursor for biochar production through pyrolysis. Biochar was synthesized via slow pyrolysis at 500°C and integrated into epoxy resin at varying weight percentages (1%, 3%, and 5%) to evaluate its impact on mechanical, thermal, and fire-retardant properties. The fabricated composites were subjected to tensile testing, where the 5 wt% biochar-reinforced composite exhibited the highest performance, achieving an ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 47.90 MPa, compared to 28.00 MPa in the neat epoxy. Young’s modulus increased from 1.85 GPa (0% biochar) to 2.42 GPa (5% biochar), indicating a significant enhancement in stiffness. Elongation at break showed a marginal decrease with increasing filler content, highlighting the typical trade-off between strength and ductility. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) demonstrated improved thermal stability in composites containing biochar. The 5 wt% biochar sample showed a higher decomposition onset temperature and a residual mass of 38% at 800°C, compared to only 0.6% in the control sample. This indicates strong thermal barrier effects due to char formation. Although direct cone calorimetry testing could not be performed, a detailed review of similar studies and comparative interpretation with TGA data suggested improved flame retardancy with increased biochar content. Key inferred outcomes included longer time to ignition, reduced peak heat release rate (PHRR), and higher char residue, particularly in the 5 wt% composite. This investigation validates the multifunctional role of bamboo biochar in enhancing tensile strength, thermal stability, and flame-retardant behavior of epoxy composites. The findings support the use of such bio-based reinforcements in marine structural components, interior panels, and thermally sensitive applications. Moreover, this work opens future directions in optimizing pyrolysis conditions, scaling fabrication processes, and validating long-term durability and fire performance in real-world environments.
CFD analysis of marine propeller using duct and testing thrust performance over various duct configurations
(Indian Maritime University, Kolkata Campus, 2022-11) Chakraborty, Kartik; Chakraborty, Sadananda
Condition Monitoring of Lubricating Oil used in Marine Vessels
(Indian Maritime University, Kolkata Campus, 2025) Kumar, Ajay; Mishra, Deepak
The reliability and efficiency of marine propulsion systems heavily depend on the condition of lubricating oil, which serves as both a protective and functional medium for critical engine components. Over time, lubricating oil undergoes degradation due to thermal stress, oxidative reactions, contamination, and prolonged usage. Traditional oil condition monitoring techniques primarily focus on viscosity changes, spectroscopic analysis, and chemical composition assessments. However, in recent years, polarization current analysis has emerged as a promising diagnostic tool for evaluating the dielectric integrity and degradation behaviour of lubricating oils in marine applications. This study explores the application of polarization current measurement as an effective method for monitoring the deterioration of lubricating oil used in marine vessels. The research involves subjecting lubricating oil samples to controlled thermal aging at varying temperatures (40°C, 50°C, 60°C) over extended periods to simulate real operational stress conditions. By applying a 500 V DC voltage using an insulation tester, the resulting polarization current behaviour is recorded and analyse providing valuable insights into molecular breakdown and insulation capacity loss. Experimental findings indicate that as the thermal aging process progresses, the polarization current exhibits increasing magnitudes, signifying a reduction in the resistivity of the lubricating oil. This behaviour aligns with the formation of conductive degradation byproducts such as free radicals, oxidation compounds and polar contaminants, which alter the dielectric properties of the oil. Notably, samples exposed to higher temperatures (50°C and above) demonstrate significant fluctuations in polarization current, suggesting a higher degree of dielectric instability and lubricant deterioration.
Consumer Behaviour Towards Online Shopping VIS-A-VIS Traditional Shopping: An Exploratory study on perception of consumers in West Bengal
(Indian Maritime University, 2023) Sikdar, Indibar; Mitra, Toorban
This dissertation focuses on the factors that influence consumers to shift from offline to online shopping. With the increasing popularity of e-commerce, it is crucial to understand the factors that drive consumers to make this transition. The study utilizes a method approach to collect data, including surveys and questionnaires with consumers. The study found that convenience, door delivery service, discounts & offers, product availability, etc. were the primary factors that drove consumers to shop online. Additionally, the study identified differences in the factors that influenced consumers of different age groups and income levels. Understanding these factors can help businesses to develop effective marketing strategies to attract and retain customers in an increasingly competitive marketplace. This dissertation provides valuable insights into consumer behaviour towards online vis-a-vis traditional shopping, highlighting the factors that drive consumers to shop online and the implications for businesses in the retail industry. The present paper is an attempt to study the preferences of customer’s behaviour towards online and offline shopping. For this purpose we have used questionnaire method to get the responses of the people. A sample of 126 respondents was taken to conduct the study.
Consumer perspective on the future of last mile delivery in India
(Indian Maritime University, 2023-05) Tallyan, Shubham; Mitra, Toorban
Online shopping businesses grown significantly in India. Consumers find out that purchasing products online is more effective. Most of consumers in India prefer direct home/door step delivery as their last-mile delivery method, which proposes consumers to receive the purchased goods at home. Due to influence on the growing demand for deliveries, which consequently could have the impact on traffic and congestion problem as well as city environment, one of the biggest problems with home deliveries are not at home which gradually increases more trips which tends to further increase in Co2 emission and congestion as well as it increases the cost of delivery companies. E-commerce has the potential to reduce the distance travelled by consumers, but it also leads to an increase in the distance travelled by delivery service vehicles. As a result, new environmental problems arise, highlighting the need for alternative measures to mitigate the negative impact of this trend. In recent years, parcel lockers have emerged as a popular and intriguing solution for efficient last-mile delivery. This study is focused on examining customers’ intentions to utilize parcel lockers. The parcel locker method emerged as a solution that offers benefits to both consumers and package delivery operators, as it can reduce the distance travelled by both parties. The lockers receive packages that are subsequently collected, sorted, and transported to other designated lockers. Customers then retrieve their items by traveling to the specified locker location. It could minimize the delivery trips, less routing and analyse the potency of parcel lockers in India as there is currently no parcel lockers available in India. This study benefits delivery companies to implement parcel lockers in India as it could minimize the last-mile delivery cost as it was considered more costly than first mile. This study clarifies customers perspective to use smart locker as a last mile delivery. As this also minimize pollution will be more environment friendly in comparison with direct home delivery. This study was to carry out and check Indian consumers will they use parcel locker in future. This study carried out through online surveys with 6 variable that are environment friendly and sustainable, delivery preference, perceived risk, convenience, security, and perceived benefit, where 155 respondents participated. In terms of delivery services, survey participants showed a preference for parcel lockers (63%) over direct delivery.
Design of plate fin heat exchanger with offset strip fins for the liquefaction of natural gases
(Indian Maritime University, Kolkata Campus, 2019-06-20) Kashiwal, Mukul; Eswara, Arun Kishore
In the cryogenic systems such as liquefier, cryo-coolers, etc. the heat exchangers are one of the most critical components. The heat exchanger used in cryogenic applications must have high effectiveness to produce a proper refrigerating effect and it should not be less than 85%. It has already experimented that if the value of the effectiveness of the heat exchangers falls below the design value, then the no liquid will be produced. On a general basis, there are so many heat exchangers available in the industry which are used in the cryogenic works but there is a special category of the heat exchangers that are available, which are now used widely because of there because of their compactness, low weight, and high effectiveness. These heat exchangers are known as the compact heat exchangers. The objective of this work is to design a plate fin heat exchanger, which is when used in the liquefaction cycle must be able to liquefy the natural gases and to produce 1000 Kg liquid ih a day, which can be transported easily for the various purposes through various ways. This work has been carried on the plate fin heat exchanger with selecting the offset strip fin, which is the most reliable fin design in the liquefaction applications. The work includes the two cryogenic fluids, one is methane and the other is propane. Propane is used as the coolant to bring down the temperature of methane to this close that when passed through the expander or by precooling in the liquefaction cycle it gets liquefied easily. Catia software was used to model the component and Matlab programming has also been done to design a plate fin heat exchanger. As the geometry were too complex to analyse in the software because of the physical memory limitation, a small symmetric part of the heat exchanger model were imported in the analysis software called Ansys 18.1 for the validation of the results and it can be concluded from the observations that the model is capable to do the desired function. A small variation in the calculation and analysis results has been observed, and the effectiveness of the heat exchanger was found to be above 90 %. Aluminium 3003 has been used as the material for the fins strips and for separating plate.
Design of small scale liquefaction cycle for natural gas
(Indian Maritime University, Kolkata Campus, 2019-06-19) Gupta, Nishit; Eswara, Arun Kishore
Liquefied natural gas is found to be the most economical mode of transportation for distances covering more than 3500 miles. The boiling point of natural gas is 111 .7 K at atmospheric pressure and falls under the category of cryogenics. The process has components such as compressor, heat exchanger, expansion valve, insulating material, storage tank and pipes. The liquefaction of natural gas is achieved by processing natural gas in the liquefaction cycle. There are many parameters affecting the cycle such as compressor efficiency, heat exchanger effectiveness, ambient temperature, friction losses in pipes and insulating materials. In this thesis, some of the above mentioned parameters are considered while some parameters are neglected or assumed appropriately. It is observed that out of the existing cycles such as simple Linde-Hampson cycle, Pre-cooled cycle, Claude cycle and Kapitza cycle, each cycle has its own benefits and drawbacks. The fraction of liquefaction is found maximum for simple Claude cycle while the work required also reduces due to expansion of the high pressure gas through reciprocating expansion engine. The iterative procedure to find the configuration of each cycle is explained in the thesis and can be used with minimum bare inputs. An experimental setup can be built through these configurations and better study can be performed. To obtain the results, residue in the iterations is taken to 0.1 for temperature, pressure and mass flow rate both. In the Claude cycle, for mass flow rate of 1.02 kg/sec and the pressure ratio of 40, the fraction of liquefaction is found 0.0646 while in the kapitza cycle, for mass flow rate of 1.35kg/sec and the pressure ratio of 40, the fraction of liquefaction is found as 0.040. It is found that, the pressure required to liquefy the gas is not practical in the case of Linde-Hampson cycle. Further, it is found that Claude and Kapitza cycle can be used for experimental purpose.
Effect of internal load and temperature on graded spherical shell
(Indian Maritime University, Kolkata Campus, 2023) Balmiki, Sanjay; Saha, Sujoy
In this work, the effect of internal pressure in a functionally graded hollow spherical shell is theoretically studied. The material properties through the graded direction are assumed to be non-linear with power law distribution. In order to obtain the effect of internal pressure and temperature on the design of pressure vessel, Navier and heat conduction equations are solved by direct method. The pressure variation and the mechanical stress distribution such as radial stress distribution and hoop stress distribution along the radial direction are presented in a sequential manner. The radial distribution of temperature has also been depicted in the result and discussion section. As a result of which it may be concluded that the material which has lower power law index is beneficial in terms of generation of lower thermal stress. The study also aims to understand the influence of autofrettage on stress distribution and load bearing capacity in thick spherical shells. Analytical equations, based on the Maximum Shear Stress theory and Distortion Energy theory, are derived to determine the optimum radius of the elastic-plastic juncture, known as 𝐶𝑜𝑝𝑡 in autofrettage technology. The results demonstrate that autofrettage increases the pressure inside the shell, enhancing its ability to withstand higher internal pressures.
Effect on number of blade on the performance of the vertical axis marine current turbine
(Indian Maritime University, Kolkata Campus, 2022-08) Mohanty, Debashis; Sarkar, B. N.
Experimental analysis of drag forces on a floating model under varying submergence conditions
(Indian Maritime University, Kolkata Campus, 2022-08) Gnanadevan, R.; Mitra, Kalyan; Deogade, R. B.
When a floating body is towed against a stream of water it experiences drag as a result of the resistance provided by the water. An object’s resistance to motion is made up of air and water drag. Analysis of drag force is necessary to determine the hydrodynamic forces acting on the object which is required for the selection of a propulsion system. The physical model test is one of the most accurate methods because it derives the common solution by taking into account the performance of all parameters. Model alteration, Fabrication and actual experimental testing in a water are part of traditional model testing. Based on the solutions of the model tests, alterations are made to the design of the floating body and experiments are repeated until required results are obtained. Drag force measurement experiments are generally conducted on still water conditions i.e. on a floating platform carrying dead weight or with container of liquid. The present model experiments are conducted under still and monochromatic wave conditions at different rating trolley velocities and the solutions are evaluated for the difference of drag force on floating platform with dead weight and liquid at above and below the centre of gravity of the boat. The experiments will help in analysing impact of the drag force due to the effect of shift in centre of gravity in liquid when partly filled with the same dead weight load on the floating body. This analysis will help in identifying the safety precautionary standards in case of emergency situations due to free surface effects especially for Roll on and Roll off (RO/RO) and multi cargo carriers.
Experimental Study of SMAW on DSS 2205 and SS 316L for Marine Applications
(Indian Maritime University, Kolkata Campus, 2024) Kumar, Ritesh; Kumar, Dhiraj
Maritime-grade stainless steel, such as Duplex 2205 and 316L, is widely utilized in shipbuilding constructions, cargo tanks, offshore oil rig platforms, and many other maritime sectors. Austenitic and duplex stainless steels are also widely used in a variety of manufacturing industries and other domains. Because of its unique structural combination of ferrite and austenite grains, it has various benefits like high strength, excellent toughness, and resistance to pitting, crevice corrosion, and stress corrosion cracking. In the present study, shielded metal arc welding is used to weld two dissimilar materials DSS 2205 and SS 316L of dimension 60 mm x 60 mm x 2 mm. Two different types of electrodes such as ER2209 and E316L-16 is used to perform the welding, and also the current are varied from 80A to 100A at constant voltages of 24V to investigate the weld quality characteristics. A detailed investigation was conducted into the effects of electrodes and current on the mechanical characteristics and microstructure of welded specimens. Furthermore, the weld deposition has been investigated by weighing the welded sample before and after welding. The results shows that weld deposition initially increases with an increase of welding current from up to 90A, and then it declines from 90 to 100A. Moreover, transient thermal analysis based on FEM is performed by using ANSYS software, and simulated temperature of weld zone is obtained. Infrared thermal imager is used to capture the actual temperature of weld zone. The actual temperature obtained from thermal imager also validates the simulated temperature. Based on micrograph, martensite and austenite formation has been observed in the duplex stainless steel region and ferrite and cementite has been observed in 316L stainless steel region. This thesis is divided into six chapters. The first chapter provides an overview of steel welding and its applications across various fields, with a focus on the distinguishing features of SMAW welded samples of DSS 2205 and 316L stainless steel. Chapter 2 reviews the literature on various stainless steel processing techniques and the properties of DSS 2205 and 316L stainless steel, including microstructural, mechanical, and thermal analyses using the Ansys software, and their applications. Then, it identifies gaps in the existing literature and sets targets for addressing problem identification. Chapter 3 details the materials and procedures used in this study and discusses the various characterization strategies employed. Chapter 4 presents the results and discussion of SMAW welded DSS 2205 and 316L stainless steel, including an in depth investigation into how changes in current and electrodes affect the mechanical properties of these materials. Additionally, this chapter uses the Ansys software tool to study temperature distribution and heat flux during the welding of DSS 2205 and 316L stainless steel. Finally, viii Chapter 5 provides a comprehensive summary of the study, along with an exploration of the future scope and additional possibilities for ongoing research on SMAW welded DSS 2205 and 316L stainless steel.
Export and Import Performance of Steel in India
(Indian Maritime University, 2023-05) Nazir, Shahid; Dasgupta, M. K.
Steel is an essential component of every country’s economy and is regarded as one of the modernisation’s driving forces. Steel consumption per capita is regarded as one of the most important markers of a country’s socioeconomic progress and living standards. Steel remains the most environmentally benign and recyclable of engineering materials. India’s founders recognised power and steel as the cornerstone for the country’s future growth after independence. Steel was used to build the majority of India’s contemporary infrastructure, confirming the industry’s pivotal role in the country’s development. India has surpassed Japan as the world’s second-largest steel producer, and it is on track to become the world’s second largest steel consumer. India’s local steel sector is particularly sensitive to lower-cost imports and fluctuating demand. The steel industry’s overall growth and profitability have been harmed by a drop in domestic steel demand and a decline in investment across industries. Protectionism and trade conflicts are having a negative influence on the sector. However, this is only a phase. The Indian steel industry is thriving, with a compound annual growth rate of roughly 5% to 6% year on year. In 2022, India’s imports of iron and steel articles grew to 14815.37 USD million, up from 3511.06 USD million in 2021. Exports of Iron & Steel in India decreased to 11030.12 USD Million in 2022 from 22906.19 USD Million in 2021. The current scenario necessitates an immediate policy boost to protect the industry from global pressures while also stimulating demand. The indian Steel Association (iSA) successfully inaugurated its flagship event, the ‘ISA Steel Conclave,’ in 2018 as a venue for government officials, senior industry experts, and consultants to obtain insights into international steel trade and related difficulties. This research paper aims to offer a comprehensive overview of the steel sector in India, highlighting its growth, problems, and economic effect.
Impact of Blue economy on Economic growth in India
(Indian Maritime University, 2023-05) Kumar, Ravikant; Pattanaik, K M
The Blue Economy has emerged as an important driver of economic growth in India, with the potential to contribute significantly to the country’s GDP, employment, and exports. This dissertation aims to explore the impact of the Blue Economy on India’s economic growth by analysing the major sectors of the Blue Economy, their contribution to the economy, and the challenges faced by the sector. The study is based on data from various sources including government reports and academic literature. The findings suggest that the Blue Economy has the potential to drive sustainable economic growth in India, but there are significant challenges that need to be addressed, including overfishing, pollution, and climate change. The study recommends several measures to promote the sustainable development of the Blue Economy, including investment in research and development, promotion of sustainable fishing practices, development of coastal infrastructure, strengthening institutional capacity, enhancing public awareness, and collaboration with international partners. Overall, the study highlights the importance of the Blue Economy for India’s economic growth and the need for sustainable development to ensure its long-term sustainability.