Journal Articles

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A description of tidal propagation in Hooghly estuary using numerical and analytical solutions
(Ocean Engineering, 2018) Jena, B. K.; Sivakholundu, K. M.; Rajkumar, J.
A tidal propagation characteristic of Hooghly estuary is presented using numerical (ADCIRC) and analytical models (Friedrichs and Aubrey, 1994) along with observations. The analytical model is based on Friedrichs and Aubrey (1994) that simplifies the governing hydrodynamic equations greatly by retaining only those terms that are significant without losing the overall understanding of the propagation process. The analytical model is compared with corresponding 2-D depth averaged numerical (ADCIRC) model that retains all non-linear terms. The assumptions for simplification are found to be reasonable in the light of close agreement among analytical, numerical models and observations. A plan-form geometrical characteristic as well as hydrodynamic variable of the Hooghly has been compared with that of Delaware estuary for corroborating similar tidal propagation process. The Hooghly estuary has flood dominant asymmetric tidal propagation and a positive amplitude growth factor (μ). The observed tidal celerity (phase speed) on an average is slightly more than frictionless celerity. Using the conventions of Toffolon et al. (2006), Hooghly can be classified into ‘strongly convergent – strongly dissipative’ estuary. From the results it can be construed that the estuary is yet to stabilise and reach its equilibrium morphology. It can be close to its equilibrium as very little amplification (0.1 m) is noticed in the predominant semi-diurnal constituent M2 over 78 km (barely 7%) in the estuary. The parameters of width variation (γ) and the ratio between friction and inertia (χ) have been used to define the marginal condition for amplification. The relative position of Hooghly in terms of marginal condition is consistent with similar set of estuaries elsewhere that have been grouped using the above parameters.
A Marketing Strategy for Small and Medium Enterprises
(Elsevier, 2013-01-01) Yadav, Ramanand
Small and medium enterprises (SMEs), in Indian context, constitutes of a larger share of GDP, GNP, employment potential and occupation of masses. These enterprises have left remarkable spot on the every field of Indian economy, but, in overall, they are far behind their larger counterparts in other parts of the economy. With representing largest share of industrial activities, SMEs are heterogeneous in nature. The paper highlights that marketing strategy for SMEs is necessary, which can be developed by developing a suitable business environment. The author also elaborated that business environment in Indian SMEs is not conducive and needed training, proactiveness, favourable tax structure, reformed labour laws and sufficiency of infrastructure facilities. In addition to this, it is also emphasized that these enterprises can enhance their business environment by adopting certain financial and non-financial measures. This paper is also structured with an objective to provide a framework to help SMEs to design suitable strategies to face effective and enhancing competitiveness.
A new archaeological find in the Gulf of Cambay, Gujarat
(Journal of the Geological Society of India, 2002) Kathiroli, S.; Badrinarayanan, S.; Venkata Rao, D.; Rajaguru, S.; Sivakholundu, K. M.; Sasisekaran, B.
Detailed underwater surveys carried out in the Gulf of Cambay, about 20 km west of Hazira, deploying side scan sonar and sub bottom profiler brought to light, the presence of a submerged palaeochannel traceable to a length of 9 km. Associated with this on either side are basement like features found in a grid pattern at water depths of 20-40 m. Sub-surface sampling carried out with dredge and grab sampler revealed stone artefacts, potsherds, hearth pieces, animal bones and human teeth embedded in fluvial sands and silts. In the upper part of the deposit, a carbonised wooden log was found and dated to around 9500 years BP by 14C method. Marine magnetic survey carried-out does not indicate the presence of any major metallic debrislobjects. This appears to be one of the early records of prehistoric human activity of early Holocene age in the marine environment of India.
A program to compute the area of an irregular polygon on a spheroidal surface
(Computers and Geosciences, 1998) Sivakholundu, K. M.; Prabaharan, N.
A study on the seasonal variability of nearshore waves off Visakhapatnam, east coast of India
(International Journal of Innovative Research and Development, 2012)
Wave rider buoy data during the period June 2009 to May 2010 was analyzed to examine the seasonal trends in the nearshore waves off Visakhapatnam, east coast of India. During fair weather conditions, wave heights were observed to be higher in the southwest monsoon season with maximum significant wave height (Hs) of about 2.76 m in the month of July and average Hs of about 1.6 m. The higher values of spectral band width emphasize that the wave heights covered a wide range for major period of the year. A large standard deviation of swell period represents the occurrence of distant swell in a wide range to the study region. The seasonal cycle of wave heights off Visakhapatnam, East Coast of India is dominated by SW monsoon winds. The waves at study area are resultant of sea and large swells from south of Bay of Bengal
Accident analysis of river boats capsize in inland waters and safety aspects related to passenger transporation
(International Journal of Innovation Research & Development, 2015-07) Kalyani, T.; Vidyasagar, D. S. P.; Srinival, V. S. J.
"Inland waterway transportation (IWT) is one of the oldest economically and environmentally sustainable modes of transportation for passengers and cargo. India has an estimated navigable length of 14,500 km of inland waterways, including river systems, canals, backwaters, creeks and tidal inlets, that can effectively support mechanized crafts. Besides this, country boats of various capacities also operate in various rivers and canals. In IWT sector, the environmental conditions, nature of operations, human error (crew and passengers) and lack of safety standards, etc., pose a number of risks to safety of passengers and vessels. Though this sector is economically viable, the rate of accidents are high and need to be focused to minimize the accidents. Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) is the scientific method that is being currently used for the analysis of maritime safety and for the formulation of related regulatory policies. This paper discusses the methodologies involved in FSA, highlights the qualitative analysis in hazard identification and risk analysis process i.e., hazards that are identified during various operations in IWT sector and by using the expert judgment, these hazards are prioritized by the risk ranking matrix. Accident analysis of recent boat accidents that occurred at various locations of inland waters is presented by means of fault tree diagrams focusing the faults of the top event (capsize) as part of qualitative risk analysis. Further, it discusses the safety aspects related to the passenger transportation, highlighting the human errors and perational risks in IWT sector of India. This paper concludes by suggesting the measures to reduce the risk to the passengers and vessels related to various operational and environmental conditions"
An Improved cipher based automatic theorem proving technique for encryption and decryption
(Advances in Mathematics: Scientific Journal, 2020) Talari, Surendra.; Amiripalli, S. S.; Sirisha, P.; Sateesh kumar, D; Krishna Deepika, V.
Globalization has positively influenced almost every sector in India. In the present digital world, security and management of information in the cyber space is quite crucial. The multifarious dimension of cryptography plays an important role in exchange of information securely. In this paper we propose one new crypto system technique using Automatic Theorem Proving concept by assigning various ciphers to the antecedent and consequent rules. Here we form the sequent using plaint text, connective symbols then encrypt this plain text into various levels using antecedent rules and consequent rules and the corresponding assigned ciphers. Since it involves various levels of encryptions and decryptions, it is difficult to the attacker to decrypt the plain text, so that security is more. Though the encryption and decryption run time of the proposed technique is feasible, the security levels are infeasible.
Analysing volatility spillovers between grain and freight markets
(Scientific Journal of Maritime Research, 2020-11) Bangar Raju, Totakura.; Bavise, Ayush; Chauhan, Pradeep.; Ramalingeswara Rao, B. V.
The International Grain Council (IGC) circulates two price indices which are the Grain and Oilseeds Index (GOI) and the Grain and Oilseeds Freight Market Index (GOFI). These two indices indicate the respective market prices. The GOI markets are affected by various factors like supply and demand, weather, freight markets, etc. This research article attempts to explore and analyse volatility in GOI and GOFI markets using various GARCH family models, that is Exponential Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (EGARCH) analysis. The multivariate Dynamic Conditional Correlation Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity model (DCC GARCH) is used to find the spillovers between the two markets and thereby explore the effect of GOFI on GOI markets from the year 2013. The research article consists of four sections after introducing the subject namely a literature review, research methodology and models, analysis and conclusions of the study.
Antifouling paint schemes for green ships
(Ocean Engineering, 2019) Mukherjee, A.; Madhu, Joshi; Misra, S. C.; Ramesh, U. S.
Recent advances in antifouling (AF) paints in general prevent fouling in about 95% of the vessel's immersed surface. However the remaining area which amounts to 5% or less of the total area does get fouled. Although this level of fouling has marginal impact on the routine performance of the vessel it is a predominant vector for the transmigration of invasive species which is now a serious environmental concern. Virtually all ocean going vessels are coated with antifouling paints predominant among them are “Self polishing coatings”. CFD analysis conducted on various types of vessels have indicated that there are certain “hotspots” where the polishing rates are exceedingly high and would polish the AF paints at a much faster rate and ultimately result in the failure of the AF coating. A possible solution to this issue is to first identify these hotspots and suitable paint schemes/formulations are to be applied in such areas. An experimental procedure utilizing a “drum-test” apparatus can be used to compute the coating thicknesses based on wall shear stresses. Such painting schemes would prevent the premature failure of the AF coating in general and significantly reduce the risk of transmigration of invasive species in particular.
Assessment of coringa mangrove shoreline migration using geospatial techniques
(Journal of Operational Oceanography, 2020-11-06) Sharma, Garima.; Patnaik, K. V. K. R. K.
Coringa Mangroves in the Kakinada Bay have evolved as the second-largest mangroves in the East Coast of India over the last century. The Coringa Mangrove shoreline has accreted considerably in the past decades as observed from the satellite imageries, adding value to the natural biodiversity of flora and fauna. This study is focused on quantifying the long term changes of Coringa mangrove shoreline using the Landsat imageries for years 1977, 1988, 2000, and 2013 using the Digital Shoreline Analysis System. For a mangrove shoreline length of 20.5 km, 41 transects were cast at an interval of 500 m for calculating the change and their migration distance using three statistical methods, namely End Point Rate (EPR), Net Shoreline Movement (NSM) and Linear Regression Rate (LRR). Results showed that there was considerable growth of mangroves in the bay leading to the seaward migration of the mangrove shoreline from the year 1977– 2013. The study observed the difference in the mangrove shoreline migration dynamics in the South-eastern (near the bottom of the spit) and the western part of the Kakinada Bay. The calculated average degradation rate due to erosion is −5.19 m.yr−1 and the average accretion rate leading to their growth is 14.83 m.yr−1 for all transects of the 20.5 km mangrove shoreline stretch during this period. The results hold importance as they help in identifying the regions prone to mangrove degradation and enable management planning for the protection of the eroding stretch of the mangrove shoreline.
Assessment of Coringa Mangrove shoreline migration using geospatial techniques
(Taylor and Francis, 2022-05-04) Sharma, G.; Patnaik, K. V. K. R. K.
Coringa Mangroves in the Kakinada Bay have evolved as the second-largest mangroves in the East Coast of India over the last century. The Coringa Mangrove shoreline has accreted considerably in the past decades as observed from the satellite imageries, adding value to the natural biodiversity of flora and fauna. This study is focused on quantifying the long term changes of Coringa mangrove shoreline using the Landsat imageries for years 1977, 1988, 2000, and 2013 using the Digital Shoreline Analysis System. For a mangrove shoreline length of 20.5 km, 41 transects were cast at an interval of 500 m for calculating the change and their migration distance using three statistical methods, namely End Point Rate (EPR), Net Shoreline Movement (NSM) and Linear Regression Rate (LRR). Results showed that there was considerable growth of mangroves in the bay leading to the seaward migration of the mangrove shoreline from the year 1977–2013. The study observed the difference in the mangrove shoreline migration dynamics in the South-eastern (near the bottom of the spit) and the western part of the Kakinada Bay. The calculated average degradation rate due to erosion is −5.19 m.yr−1 and the average accretion rate leading to their growth is 14.83 m.yr−1 for all transects of the 20.5 km mangrove shoreline stretch during this period. The results hold importance as they help in identifying the regions prone to mangrove degradation and enable management planning for the protection of the eroding stretch of the mangrove shoreline.
Awareness & knowledge on hiv/aids among unmarried women aged 15-24 years in Karnataka and Odisha states of India - a comparative study
(Desh Vikas, 2017-09) Ravichandran, N.
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is the final and most serious stage of HIV disease, which caused severe damage to the immune system. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) causes AIDS. The virus attacks the immune system and leaves the body vulnerable to a variety of life-threatening infections and cancers. The virus can be transmitted through a) sexual contact, b) through blood and c) from mother to child. India has a huge population (1.2 Billion) and 2.1 million people are living with HIV. It is important to create awareness among the women particularly in young age group on safe sex and to reduce the chance of acquiring or spreading HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases. Unmarried women in the age group of 15-24 are the most vulnerable groups whose tastes and preferences, attitude and behaviors always involve certain amount of risk. The study involves comparison of awareness, knowledge and misconception of unmarried women in the age group of 15-24 years of Karnataka and Odisha states. The HIV/AIDS epidemic has also challenged traditional cultural boundaries. The information included awareness, knowledge, misconception and Family Life Education. Karnataka and Odisha states in India were having different parameters have compared and analyzed in this study. It is of general opinion that female are found to be more vulnerable to infect HIV/AIDS than males, because they have a lack of awareness than the male. Education is the main source of awareness and knowledge which is lacking in both rural and urban areas of Odisha. It is observed that there is better correlation between education and awareness level in the state of Karnataka than Odisha.
Biophysical responses to tropical cyclone Hudhud over the Bay of Bengal
(Taylor & Francis, 2021-07-03) Maneesha, K.; Prasad, D. H.; Patnaik, K. V. K. R. K.
Cyclone Hudhud originated in the Andaman Sea on 6 October 2014. Later, it intensified into a cyclonic storm on 8 October and eventually made landfall at Visakhapatnam on 12 October as a very severe cyclonic storm. It was intensified off of Visakhapatnam by high stratified waters with a thick barrier layer that held significant heat content. In this study, we analysed the data along the cyclone track using a combination of satellite, in-situ Argo and Bio-Argo data to assess the upper oceanic changes along the Hudhud track. Notable changes were detected in the upper ocean due to its extreme intensification and prior passage through cold-core eddies. A high translation speed and persistent stratification dominated the effects caused by the cold-core eddies on the intensification of the cyclone and the same was attributed to the upwelled subsurface chlorophyll maxima. The biophysical changes in the top 150 m layer derived from Argo floats were in good agreement with the satellite and model data. Further, it was observed that the increase in lightning flash rates also influenced surface productivity during the cyclone. Subsequent to the passage of the cyclone, the ocean took two weeks to achieve its original state.
Carbon emissions for Indian Railways
(IRFCA, 2013) Arun Kishore, Eswara
Indian railways is a critical infrastructure in the transportation of goods across India. It plays a vital role in the geographically balanced economic growth. By transporting a large volume of goods in comparison to air or road modality, it offers a better solution in cutting emissions. In this present paper a study is conducted based on data published by various governmental bodies; to quantify emissions from the transportation of goods by Indian railways. A comparison is attempted between the electric and diesel electric options for railways at the end, which will set out recomendations for a national policy for a healthier environment. The market share of Indian Railways is consistently falling over the years, it is losing to road transport. In the context it is worth mentioning that from the various studies published internationally, there is a close competition between railways and water transport in respect of environmental performance. Road transport is third choice in relation to Water transport & Railways wrt environmental performance. Major part of Railways goods is based on six major industries viz Electricity, Coal, Steel, Crude Petroleum, Petroleum Refinery products & Cement. A study by KPMG 1 found that the market share of transportation in India is 62% by Road, 29% by Railways,5% by Coastal, 4% by pipelines & < 1% by Airways. These statistics show that emissions from transportation can be reduced drastically by transportation modal shift to coastal waterways and railways combination.
Cascade block cipher using braiding / entanglement of spain matrices and bit rotation
(International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications, 2016-03) Sravana Kumar, D.; Sirisha, P.; Suneetha, Ch.
Secure communication of the sensitive information in disguised form to the genuine recipient so that an intended recipient alone can remove the disguise and recover the original message is the essence of Cryptography. Encrypting the message two or more times with different encryption techniques and with different keys increases the security levels than the single encryption. A cascade cipher is stronger than the first component. This paper presents multiple encryption schemes using different encryption techniques Braiding/Entanglement of Pauli Spin 3/2 matrices and Rotation of the bits with independent secret keys.
CFD analysis for a ballast free ship design
(NISCAIR-CSIR, India, 2014-11) Godey, Avinash; Misra, S. C.; Sha, O. P.
Shipping transfers approximately 3 to 5 billion tonnes of ballast water internationally each year. This ballast water transferred between different ports is a serious environmental problem. There are many marine species like bacteria, small invertebrates and the eggs, etc., that are carried in ship’s ballast water which are small enough to pass through a ship’s intake at ports and when discharged, lead to severe ecological problems. To overcome this, a concept of ballast free ship has been developed in which ballast water exchange and treatment is avoided by providing flow-through longitudinal pipes in the double bottom instead of conventional ballast tank. During the design of the ballast free ship, different hull forms have been generated with various hull shapes of the vessel which have been studied with regard to hydrodynamic behaviour. Finally one hull form has been selected for further study. The present work aims to estimate the penalty on resistance using CFD techniques using SHIPFLOW® software. These results are validated by model experiments for the conventional and the proposed ballast Free form at loaded and ballast drafts in the Hydrodynamics Laboratory of the Department of Ocean Engineering and Naval Architecture, IIT Kharagpur.
Child health care – a case study in Visakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh
(International Journal of Multidisciplinary Educational Research, 2019-01) Ravichandran, N.
Children are future society of the world and it is necessary to give importance to their health. Care should be taken to the mother and child health, and the children up to the age of five years in which most of the children prone to many diseases like diarrhea, cholera, typhoid, jaundice, pneumonia, chicken pox, measles etc. The children are prone to these diseases due to malnutrition and lack of proper immunization. This is basically lack of awareness among the illiterate, ignorance of the village population and few people not taking seriously. Preschool children below five years are vulnerable group of the population and their nutritional status is considered to be a sensitive indicator of health and nutrition. Each year, millions of women, new-borns and children die from preventable causes. While the interventions that could save their lives are widely known, they are often not available to those most in need. Government of India proclaimed a National Policy on Children in August 1974 declaring children as, "supremely important asset". The policy provided the required framework for assigning priority to different needs of the child. The programme of the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) was launched in 1975 seeking to provide an integrated package of services in a convergent manner for the holistic development of the child. "Understanding how diseases are spread and how to reduce the risks of fresh infection are essential if children are to be cared for safely and healthily. Knowledge of preventive measures and childhood immunization schedule is also important in order to save children from diseases. Data obtained from RCH-2 was used for the study purpose. The data was filtered and analyzed. The statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) tool was used for analysis of data. The total women of 731 in the age group of 15-44 and the children in the age group of 0-6 years were 242 in the study area of the district. Immunization of the children is a very important component of the Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) started by the Government of India in 1985-86. To understand the coverage of immunization, data of all those children who were twelve months and above and born since 1st January 1999 to the time of survey were collected. As recommended by World Health Organization (WHO) breast feeding should be initiated immediately after birth and should be continued exclusively up to four months. The WHO also suggests that the yellowish milk, known as colostrum’s, should be given to the baby because it provides protection against certain infections. Children age 6-24 months is most vulnerable to anemia and it can result in impaired cognitive performance, behavioral and motor development, co-ordination, language development and scholastic achievement, besides increasing morbidity from infectious diseases. Anemia among pregnant women results in increased risk of premature delivery and low birth weight. The Antenatal check-ups are necessary during the pregnancy of a woman. The mother and children’s health of the district will be vital and valuable source of information for making further improvements in child health policies and programmes. Government, Health organization, NGO’s and anganwadi workers should create more awareness and treatment practices on childhood diseases among pregnant women, mothers and children to reduce the mortality rate in the district
Comparative profit performance analysis of IPOs among top five issuing sectors in India
(International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT), 2023-02) Sanjeevi, P.
Initial Public offer (IPO) is a process through which an unlisted company can be listed to a Stock exchange by offering its securities to the public. IPO may be for expansion of existing activities of the company or setting up of new projects or just to get its existing equity shares listed by diluting the stake of existing equity shareholders through offer for sale or any other object as may be specified by the Company in its offer document. In this paper, an attempt has been made to analyze the comparative profit performance analysis of IPOs among top five sectors in Indian stock markets. It examines listing day performance of IPOs, post-listing aftermarket performance of IPOs, current-price of IPOs in the Indian stock market. This study is based on secondary data collected from stock reports of Indian Stock Markets for the study period i.e., 2012-13 to 2020-21. Profit Ratios, t-test, correlation analysis has been used to analyze the present data. The study suggested that once the stock goes public, there's a good chance you won't initially make money. IPOs generates higher returns on investments of companies and investors.
Competitiveness of Indian ship building industry
(International Journal of Innovation Research & Development, 2015-07) Thangam, Muthuchelvi K.; Surehkumar, D.
The maritime history of Indian shipbuilding begins right from the time of civilization in Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. The shipbuilding industry in India was mainly carried on in the coastal territories like Cochin, Goa, Mumbai, Gujarat, Kolkata, and Andhra Pradesh. Capacity constraints in leading countries and lower shipbuilding costs (cheap labor) in emerging countries prompted a gradual shift of shipbuilding activities from Europe to Asia since the early 90s. This has thrown open opportunities for the Indian shipbuilding industry. Rising global trade and strong replacement demand boosted the prospects of the Indian shipbuilding industry. From an industry dependent on government orders till late 90s, the Indian shipbuilding industry have turned export oriented focusing on the niche offshore segment. Export orders comprise about 80 per cent of the total market and domestic orders the rest. The Indian Shipbuilding Industry, which had only about 0.1 per cent share of the world shipbuilding in 2002, expanded over tenfold accounting for 1% of the global shipbuilding industry with annual turnover of around US $ 1.3 billion in 2011 and has been growing at a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of about 8 per cent. The Indian shipbuilders occupied 6th rank globally accounting for 1% of the global order book aggregating 2.4 million CGT with 257 vessels on order in year ending 2010. In view of the ageing fleet of offshore vessels globally with approximately 40% of the offshore vessels above 20 years of age, the specialization of Indian shipbuilders in the construction of offshore vessels augurs well for the Indian yards. The domestic shipbuilding industry comprise of 32 shipyards. Riding on a high growth trajectory, the shipbuilding industry has doubled its capacity from about 2.5 lakh dead weight tons (DWT) in March 2007 to five lakh DWT in 2011. This capacity was created mainly for the export market, particularly in the small ship segment. India has emerged as a major destination for the construction of offshore and oil industry ships like offshore supply vessels and anchor handling tugs. Given the inherent labor intensive nature of the shipbuilding industry, India has a natural advantage by virtue of its lower cost of labor and availability of skills. India also enjoys a long coastline of around 8,000 km long with several deep water ports serving as good locations for setting up shipyards
Contribution of tides to sea level variations along Visakhapatnam, India
(Taylor & Francis, 2010-08-07) Prasad, K. V. S. R.; Sreenivas, P.; Patnaik, K. V. K. R. K.
The sea level variations along Visakhapatnam coast are governed by astronomical tides and nontidal oscillations including atmospheric pressure, winds, coastal currents, Ekman Pumping, and river influx. Tidal and nontidal sea level oscillations are usually studied separately because of the vastly different ways in which they are forced. In this study the tidal oscillations along Visakhapatnam are analyzed using GOTIC2 tidal model. The correlation between monthly mean sea level and monthly mean tides is 47% (r = 0.68) and increases to 54% (r = 0.74) when applied for inverse-barometric effect. The major six partial tides are computed and presented. The tidal variations from Neap tide to Spring tide are studied.