Journal Articles
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Item Transmission line congestion management using hybrid fish-bee algorithm with unified power flow controller(World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Electrical, Computer, Energetic, Electronic and Communication Engineering, 2017) Valsalal, P.; Thangalakshmi, S.There is a widespread changeover in the electrical power industry universally from old-style monopolistic outline towards a horizontally distributed competitive structure to come across the demand of rising consumption. When the ransmission lines of derestricted system are incapable to oblige the entire service needs, the lines are overloaded or congested. The governor between customer and power producer is nominated as Independent System Operator (ISO) to lessen congestion without obstructing transmission line restrictions. Among the existing approaches for congestion management, the frequently used approaches are reorganizing the generation and load curbing. There is a boundary for reorganizing the generators and further loads cannot be supplemented with the prevailing resources unless more private power producers are added in the system by considerably raising the cost. Hence, congestion is relaxed by appropriate Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices which boost the existing transfer capacity of transmission lines. The FACTs device, namely, Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is preferred and the correct placement of UPFC is more vital and should be positioned in the highly congested line. Hence, the weak line is identified by using power flow performance index with the proposed objective function using proposed hybrid Fish – Bee algorithm. Further, the location of UPFC at appropriate line reduces the branch loading and minimizes the voltage deviation. The power transfer capacity of lines is determined with and without UPFC in the identified congested line of IEEE 30 bus structure and the simulated results are compared with prevailing algorithms. It is observed that the transfer capacity of existing line is increased with the presented algorithm and thus alleviating congestion.Item SBR Sewage treatment plant automation using PLC and SCADA(Advanced Engineering Science, 2022-10) Aravind, D.; Ganesh Ram, V.; Thangalakshmi, S.; Balaji, C. P.; Govindarajan, Rajendran.; Rajkumar, Perumal.Today's never-ending industrial expansion and the sharp rise in urban pollution have led to environmental and water contamination. The industrial sewage water gets mixed with streams, ocean and ponds etc. that causes several ailments in living things. Proper treatment of sewage can prevent these problems. Sewage treatment is the process of removing contaminants from industrial/domestic wastewater. Physical process (such as filtration, sedimentation and distillation), chemical processes (such as flocculation and chlorination) and biological process (slow sand filters or biologically active carbon) are used to remove contaminants so that water becomes safe enough to get released into the environment. By using these sewage processes we can not only avoid the diseases but also we can recycle the industry wastewater (sewage process) for further uses (garden, car cleaning, etc.). There are conventional methods for sewage treatment, which occupies more spaces as well as involve higher constructive cost. The activated sludge process is modified by the "fill and draw" Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR). The complete treatment procedure takes place in one tank as opposed to separate tanks for each process. The benefits include less expensive plant construction due to tank reduction and smaller footprint compared to alternative treatment options. This paper aims to monitor and automate various stages of sewage treatment carried through sequencing batch reactor. In general, industrial automation refers to the use of technology for process control in a variety of operations, including chemical and petrochemical, power, iron, and steel, food and beverage, waste water treatment, and other plants. One of the main needs that reduces the need for labour is plant automation. Currently, SCADA systems and programmable logic controllers are widely employed in industry. In order to improve the efficiency of the sewage treatment process, the application of PLC is investigated in this study.Item Real time implementation of home energy management(Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences, 2023) Thangalakshmi, S.; Sivasami, K.Automation is the key word in every industry. Automation is essential to obtain the desired response much faster than the conventional methodologies. It ensures efficiency and increase in production and reduces human errors. The optimal goal of this project is to obtain a bi directional data communication by using the existing power lines. Here the energy consumed by the user is continuously measured and updated. At the end of the billing period, it can be received by the electricity board office on request. A processor IC senses the energy consumed, produces a digital pulse accordingly and displays the amount of energy consumed. These pulses are suitably modulated by the MODEM and superimposed along with the same power line. These pulses are alone retrieved at the electricity board’s office by the other MODEM and stored in the PC database. The tariffs are calculated based upon the slabs fed in the PC and sent through the modem which is received by the other modem. The LCD provided displays the number of units consumed and the cost. In this project, along with the automatic meter reading two more important things are implemented, they are power on demand and prepaid system with recharging facility.Item Prevalent glitches in generation of solar power using PV panels - An Indian scenario(Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems, 2020) Thangalakshmi, S.; Sivasami, K.; Sathiyasekar, K.; Preetha, M.There is a promising opportunity for the sustainable growth of solar power is in our nation. The distinctive energy from sun received by the earth for one year is only about five thousand trillion kilowatt-hour. It is perceived that mainstream of those areas get 4-7 kWh/m2 for every 24 hours. The accessible solar energy can be pragmatically used to warm system/space heating and even to structure electrical energy by means of solar-thermal and solar-photovoltaics. Besides, there is a massive prospective to proliferate the photovoltaic power in our country. The admiring quality of solar is that it can as well be manufactured as distributed power, which agrees for adding on to the standing capacity within a short extent of time. Electrifying the rural regions can be well implemented via solar distributed power and it is applied for heating and cooling of villages, communities, townships and metropolitan areas in addition to the supply of electricity. The solar is ultimately safer than other modes of generating electrical power. Rather, even a tiny portion of collected solar energy may feasibly oblige the needs of the entire nation though it allude to concrete intricacies. Thermal power manufacturing is widely applied in the present-day Indian condition using coal as base material because of its economic aspects. By the long-term and persistent research work and introduction of new-fangled skills, solar energy can be produced at considerably minimum cost. This paper projects the principal challenges/barricades in attaining solar power in India, predominantly through photovoltaics, which could help as a valuable guidance for the solar engineers and lay concrete on the way of fetching the solar electric power and other applications appropriately.Item Power theft prevention in distribution system using smart devices(International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 2015) Thangalakshmi, S.; Sangeetha bharath, G.Power theft is one of the major issues of electricity transmission and distribution. It is prominent in developing countries and pilots to an annual losses of around INR 3000 crores in India. It is estimated that power theft accounts to 1.5% of Gross Domestic Production (GDP) which is significant and cannot be negligible. Power theft prevention is a system used to perceive and prevent illegal load tappings on distribution lines. Many schemes are available for the same and a scheme using smart electric devices employing electronic energy meter is used in this paper. A real time comparison method is used to compare the current at L.V (low voltage) side of the distribution transformer with that of the consumption of connected legal consumers. A wireless zigbee module is employed for this purpose. An automatic control unit is used to inject frequency disturbances in L.V lines, after disconnecting the legal consumers’ loads once power theft is detected. A simple design for single phase distribution system is proposed for analysis and same can be implemented for three phase system by adding relevant features.Item Reduction of engine emission into the environment through effective operation of catalytic converter in proportion with pollutant(SPECIALUSIS UGDYMAS / SPECIAL EDUCATION, 2022) Aravind, D.; Ganesh Ram, V.; Thangalakshmi, S.; Balaji, C. P.The discharge of harmful impurities put into air which creates unwanted effects to the environments and people. Inadequate engine combustion is one of the causes for air pollution with the emission of CO, HC, NOx, SOx soon. Whenever there is an incomplete combustion takes place huge volume of CO gas is released. If the fuel includes a high Sulphur concentration, the Sulphur in the petroleum combines with the oxygen during the combustion process and releases SO2. The unburnt hydrocarbon is due to incomplete combustion and NOx (Oxides of Nitrogen) are leads to the formation of uninflamed gas in the exhaust with nitrogen. Hence, rigid norms of effluence emissions are enforced as safety measures which has made exhaust gas aftertreatment systems important. In order to reduce the engineemission, the current method is the use of catalytic converter. This paper discusses an effective system for improving presentation of the catalytic converter by using an embedded controller in proportion with emission.Item Planning and coordination of relay in distribution system(International Journal of Emerging Technology in Computer Science & Electronics (IJETCSE), 2016-05) Jaishree, J.; Thangalakshmi, S.In any power system network, protection should be planned such that protective relays segregate the faulted portion of the network at the earliest. Normally the distribution system protection comprises of both primary relays and backup relays. The entire distribution network is divided into various overlapping zones to ensure complete protection. The essential requirement of protective relays is that they must be capable of differentiating between faulted conditions, normal operating conditions and abnormal operating conditions. At the same time, they must function only for the specific protection for which they are designed, without operating for any normal and short term acceptable abnormal happenings. Hence, during the failure of primary protection, the backup relays provide protection after some specified time interval. Deciding the proper time discrimination for the operation of backup relays decides the quality protection in distribution network. In this paper, a simulation tool is used for the proper operation of backup relays. It is ensured that the relays located in the backup zone, work to isolate the fault, after giving adequate time discrimination for the operation of the primary zone relays if primary relays do not function and clear the fault. It is capable of optimally identifying set of relay settings for both Primary and Back-up Protection. The fault conditions and the protection coordination problem are formulated and simulated in ETAP. The use of Fault Current Limiters (FCL) and the design of Coordination Time Interval (CTI) are discussed in this paper. The distribution network of Surana industries is considered for the analysis.Item Optimal arrangement of different types of distribution generation resources in distribution networks(International Journal of Innovative Research in Engineering & Science, 2014-03) Aran Glenn, J.; Thangalakshmi, S.This paper proposes the application of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique to find the optimal size and optimum location for the placement of DG in the radial distribution networks for active power compensation by reduction in real power losses and enhancement in voltage profile. In the first segment, the optimal size of DG is calculated at each bus using the exact loss formula and in the second segment the optimal location of DG is found by using the loss sensitivity factor. The analytical expression is based on exact loss formula. The optimal size of DG is calculated at each bus using the exact loss formula and the optimal location of DG is found by using the loss sensitivity factor. The results obtained from the PSO technique have also been compared with the analytical approach results. The proposed technique is tested on 15-bus and 69-bus test systems.Item Implementation of UPFC for voltage sag mitigation using particle swarm optimization(Journal of Power Electronics and Devices, 2017) Dinesh, M.; Thangalakshmi, S.Maintaining the voltage profile in transmission line is very much important to maintain powers system stability. Due to load fluctuations, the voltage in all the buses may not be maintained. FACTS devices are much helpful in voltage compensation. UPFC is one among the FACTS devices which is used to serve this purpose. The load is increased in IEEE 30 bus system to simulate voltage sag condition. The location of UPFC is found using particle swarm optimization (PSO). The power loss during fault and the corresponding dip in voltage is compensated using UPFC. The power flow shows that the voltage in all buses is maintained within the permissible limits. The entire simulation has been demonstrated in IEEE 30 bus system.Item Energy storage systems - Possible impacts on maritime sector(International Journal of Innovative Research in Electrical, Electronics, Instrumentation and Control Engineering, 2022-06) Thangalakshmi, S.; Ganesh Ram, V.Typical marine vehicles either use diesel or diesel-electric power, which produces toxic pollutants that impact the health of those who live near the harbour. The use of the Battery-operated Electric Propulsion (pure-electric) technology would decrease hazardous pollutants emitted by sea vehicles to zero. Concerns over critical environmental degradation and fossil fuel usage have captivated the automotive market, particularly in maritime vessels, in recent times. The oscillations generated by strong dynamic loads serve as an additional difficulty in ships. To improve stability in shipboard power systems, many generators are now maintained online at far lower than their efficient point. So, to increase the fuel mileage of shipboard power systems, a simple option, a compromise between fuel savings and durability, might be presumed: minimal generator operation with ensured safety. In contrast to previous systems in which propulsion and service loads are powered by distinct generators, propulsion and service loads are linked into a shared network in pure-electric ships to achieve reduced fuel economy with lower emissions. Integration of an energy storage system (ESS) is said to be a useful strategy for increasing the reliability of the shipboard power system. Batteries, ultra-capacitors, flywheels, and fuel cells are examples of energy storage technologies that are now employed in a variety of applications. Marine batteries are particularly developed for sea transport, having larger plates and more resilient structure to handle the stress and hammering that might arise on any powerboat. These batteries have been designed specifically to suit the prospective and future demands of marine transportation applications. This study examines many types of maritime energy storage devices that have been widely employed to enhance the overall efficiency of sea transport.