Research Publications

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A coordinated control strategy for a diesel-electric tugboat system for improved fuel economy /
(IEEE, 2020-07-21) Upadhyayula, Ramesh Srinivas
Recent growth in seaborne trade has increased the tugboat operation cycle to maneuver incoming marine vessels at port. To meet the tugboat load demand for maneuvering, multiple power sources are being employed on-board. This necessitates a coordinated control strategy for the effective operation of these multiple power sources. To design an effective coordinated control strategy, this article initially estimates multiple power sources capacities (doubly fed induction machine (DFIM) and battery storage system) for a diesel-electric tugboat system based on a real-time tugboat operation cycle obtained from Visakhapatnam port, India. With respect to these multiple power sources, a coordinated control strategy for a better fuel efficiency is proposed based on a state machine control algorithm. The proposed control strategy operates a variable speed diesel-electric generator (diesel engine coupled DFIM) at a minimum specific fuel consumption value and battery based on its state of charge. To show the efficacy of the proposed variable speed diesel-electric system, fuel consumption is computed, which resulted in 26.42% of saving in comparison with a traditionally used diesel-mechanical tugboat. To evaluate the real-time system (2 MW DFIM + 150 kWh battery), MATLAB/Simulink tool is used and an experimental demonstration is performed on a laboratory prototype.
A description of tidal propagation in Hooghly estuary using numerical and analytical solutions
(Ocean Engineering, 2018) Jena, B. K.; Sivakholundu, K. M.; Rajkumar, J.
A tidal propagation characteristic of Hooghly estuary is presented using numerical (ADCIRC) and analytical models (Friedrichs and Aubrey, 1994) along with observations. The analytical model is based on Friedrichs and Aubrey (1994) that simplifies the governing hydrodynamic equations greatly by retaining only those terms that are significant without losing the overall understanding of the propagation process. The analytical model is compared with corresponding 2-D depth averaged numerical (ADCIRC) model that retains all non-linear terms. The assumptions for simplification are found to be reasonable in the light of close agreement among analytical, numerical models and observations. A plan-form geometrical characteristic as well as hydrodynamic variable of the Hooghly has been compared with that of Delaware estuary for corroborating similar tidal propagation process. The Hooghly estuary has flood dominant asymmetric tidal propagation and a positive amplitude growth factor (μ). The observed tidal celerity (phase speed) on an average is slightly more than frictionless celerity. Using the conventions of Toffolon et al. (2006), Hooghly can be classified into ‘strongly convergent – strongly dissipative’ estuary. From the results it can be construed that the estuary is yet to stabilise and reach its equilibrium morphology. It can be close to its equilibrium as very little amplification (0.1 m) is noticed in the predominant semi-diurnal constituent M2 over 78 km (barely 7%) in the estuary. The parameters of width variation (γ) and the ratio between friction and inertia (χ) have been used to define the marginal condition for amplification. The relative position of Hooghly in terms of marginal condition is consistent with similar set of estuaries elsewhere that have been grouped using the above parameters.
A Generic algorithm based data envelopment analysis to measure efficiency levels at liquid terminals of major ports of India during 2013-14 to 2017-18.
(2019) Pavan Kumar, Pannala; Bhanu Prakash, Nookala; Ramalingeswara Rao, B. V.; Anirudh, Bhavana
India, a vibrant economy with potential scope for development had attracted investments into multiple sectors of economy both by Indian and foreign investors. However, reliance on imports of energy requirements had put pressure on its foreign exchange. India’s own petro resources are not sufficient to meet the growing demands of its economy. Petroleum, Oil, and Lubricants (POL) along with natural gas products have been the major importing cargo for India and therefore account for as a major importing bill for the nation. Shipping had been the cheapest and safest way to transport of this cargo and ports have been contributing towards the smooth movement of POL products in India. It is imperative for the Indian ports to efficiently handle this key cargo and reduce the overall logistics cost involved in the entire supply chain. With over 32% share, POL accounts to be the single largest cargo handled at Major ports of India. Considering the significance of this major cargo component, it is important to check the level of efficiency with which the ports handle. Such studies on POL terminal operations would help the major ports to learn from the efficient ports among them. Lack of existing literature measuring performances of liquid terminals at major port has motivated this study to fill the gap and check the efficiency with which these liquid terminals are actually operating. Research works addressing port performance, covering ports and container terminals, have used Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), a popular non-parametric technique to measure efficiency levels. Taking a cue from these studies measuring port efficiency, this study has applied Genetic Algorithm based DEA to measure efficiency at liquid terminals of the major ports of India. Results at the 12 major ports handling liquid cargo show that none of the port had attained the efficiency level of 1 and that all ports have a lot of scope to improve their performance.
A new archaeological find in the Gulf of Cambay, Gujarat
(Journal of the Geological Society of India, 2002) Kathiroli, S.; Badrinarayanan, S.; Venkata Rao, D.; Rajaguru, S.; Sivakholundu, K. M.; Sasisekaran, B.
Detailed underwater surveys carried out in the Gulf of Cambay, about 20 km west of Hazira, deploying side scan sonar and sub bottom profiler brought to light, the presence of a submerged palaeochannel traceable to a length of 9 km. Associated with this on either side are basement like features found in a grid pattern at water depths of 20-40 m. Sub-surface sampling carried out with dredge and grab sampler revealed stone artefacts, potsherds, hearth pieces, animal bones and human teeth embedded in fluvial sands and silts. In the upper part of the deposit, a carbonised wooden log was found and dated to around 9500 years BP by 14C method. Marine magnetic survey carried-out does not indicate the presence of any major metallic debrislobjects. This appears to be one of the early records of prehistoric human activity of early Holocene age in the marine environment of India.
A new era of maritime education
(INMARCO, 2011-12) Misra, S. C.
Imparting quality education is an ongoing process and the role of good faculty and infrastructure facilities cannot be undermined. IMU is making efforts to give a new direction and set academic standards in imparting quality maritime education. For this to happen, the need for academic programs supported by strong values of research is felt like never before. IMU must set forth an example in this direction.
A program to compute the area of an irregular polygon on a spheroidal surface
(Computers and Geosciences, 1998) Sivakholundu, K. M.; Prabaharan, N.
A secure way to message based on internet protocol on RSA algorithm using DNA encoding with laplace transform computing /
(Springer Nature, 2024-01-01) Sirisha, P.
Security plays a vital role in transmitting confidential information. Cryptographic algorithms are essential in providing data security against malicious attacks. The DNA- based cryptographic algorithm is one of the valuable methods for protection. RSA algorithm is widely used in the popular implementations of Public Key Infrastructures. This model presents a new approach to show how cryptography works in DNA computing. It could also transmit messages securely and effectively using the RSA algorithm with Laplace Transform belonging to public key cryptography. DNA computing technique and Laplace Transform with RSA algorithm to encrypt the message are used in this model. The proposed model shows the frequency, time, and statistical analysis to get good results.
A study for validating, rectifying and optimizing the flow in the test section of a circulating water channel /
(Journal of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, 2021-12-31) Godey, Avinash
The Circulation Water Channel (CWC) is an experimental facility available at Indian Maritime University, Visakhapatnam Campus. A study for comparing the flow pattern and velocity in the test section, for different configurations of the CWC, is complex. To study the flow, a physical model of the CWC, with different configurations, should be made, which in overall is a complicated and time-consuming exercise. But this difficulty can be overcome through using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis, as in this study, where a CFD analysis is done using ‘STAR-CCM+’ software. A CFD model of the existing CWC [corresponding to the 1:4 scale setup at IMUV], is first made, and its validity is checked, by comparing the results of the CFD analysis, against those results obtained from the experimental analysis. On successfully validating the results, modifications are suggested for rectifying the disturbance which is present in the test section. The test section is the area in the CWC where experimental activities are carried out. In order to carry out the experiments with a certain degree of accuracy, it is important to have a smooth streamlined flow in the test section. To ensure this, a honeycomb structure is positioned such that the flow enters the test section through the honeycomb, which streamlines the flow. On successfully rectifying the disturbance, studies are carried out to improve the streamlined flow in the test section, for which, different configurations of honeycomb structure are studied. The optimum honeycomb structure, which produces a smooth flow in the test section of a CWC is found out, by conducting analyses for different shapes - i.e. for shapes ranging from rectangular to hexagonal and circular, against different inlet velocities.
A Study on the challenges and opportunities of reverse logistics innovation in rural areas
(International Conference on Innovation and management: The Way Ahead, 2022-09-29) Ajay Kumar, Kanithi; Adinarayana Rao, U. V.; Bhanu Prakash, N.
Reverse logistics (RL) is a dynamically evolving process, where goods meant for returns or repairs move from the customer to the producer. This study is an attempt to explore the current status, challenges and opportunities in RL with a focus on selected rural areas. The study proposes certain pertinent innovative measures for the implementation of RL in underserved rural areas. Related case studies were used to illustrate the possible impact of RL innovation. By using empirical findings from case studies, it can be shown that some fundamental differences in logistics innovation exist. To identify possible reverse logistic innovations in rural areas, this study had undertaken an extensive literature review accompanied with personal interaction and observations with the various logistics service providers (LSPs). Along with the opportunities, the barriers in front of the establishment of a RL system and the contribution of innovation in overcoming these challenges are discussed.
A study on the seasonal variability of nearshore waves off Visakhapatnam, east coast of India
(International Journal of Innovative Research and Development, 2012)
Wave rider buoy data during the period June 2009 to May 2010 was analyzed to examine the seasonal trends in the nearshore waves off Visakhapatnam, east coast of India. During fair weather conditions, wave heights were observed to be higher in the southwest monsoon season with maximum significant wave height (Hs) of about 2.76 m in the month of July and average Hs of about 1.6 m. The higher values of spectral band width emphasize that the wave heights covered a wide range for major period of the year. A large standard deviation of swell period represents the occurrence of distant swell in a wide range to the study region. The seasonal cycle of wave heights off Visakhapatnam, East Coast of India is dominated by SW monsoon winds. The waves at study area are resultant of sea and large swells from south of Bay of Bengal
Accident analysis of river boats capsize in inland waters and safety aspects related to passenger transporation
(International Journal of Innovation Research & Development, 2015-07) Kalyani, T.; Vidyasagar, D. S. P.; Srinival, V. S. J.
"Inland waterway transportation (IWT) is one of the oldest economically and environmentally sustainable modes of transportation for passengers and cargo. India has an estimated navigable length of 14,500 km of inland waterways, including river systems, canals, backwaters, creeks and tidal inlets, that can effectively support mechanized crafts. Besides this, country boats of various capacities also operate in various rivers and canals. In IWT sector, the environmental conditions, nature of operations, human error (crew and passengers) and lack of safety standards, etc., pose a number of risks to safety of passengers and vessels. Though this sector is economically viable, the rate of accidents are high and need to be focused to minimize the accidents. Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) is the scientific method that is being currently used for the analysis of maritime safety and for the formulation of related regulatory policies. This paper discusses the methodologies involved in FSA, highlights the qualitative analysis in hazard identification and risk analysis process i.e., hazards that are identified during various operations in IWT sector and by using the expert judgment, these hazards are prioritized by the risk ranking matrix. Accident analysis of recent boat accidents that occurred at various locations of inland waters is presented by means of fault tree diagrams focusing the faults of the top event (capsize) as part of qualitative risk analysis. Further, it discusses the safety aspects related to the passenger transportation, highlighting the human errors and perational risks in IWT sector of India. This paper concludes by suggesting the measures to reduce the risk to the passengers and vessels related to various operational and environmental conditions"
Advanced in autonomous underwater vehicles : design and performance perspective /
(OnePetro, 2014-01-01) Raj, Saurabh; Chandra, Saurav
An Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) is a self-powered underwater information gathering system controlled by on board computer. An AUV has been designed basically to complete three tasks namely oceanographic sampling, exploration, and observation. Oceanographic instrumentation can be used for sampling and data collection in particular location under a specified depth. In current scenario when global warming has become a challenging task for our environment which will result in rising water level also, we can utilize autonomous underwater vehicle as most suitable tool for conduction of surveys concerning these global environmental problems. Future ocean sampling and surveillance systems should be capable of global deployment, sustained presence, three dimensional adaptive aperture, real time control and robust performance. These requirements can be met affordably by a network of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs).Thus for the precision exploration we need more advanced and affordable vehicle. One of the most important components of an AUV is a sensor used for measuring different parameters in air and marine environment. Currently researchers need small, cheaper, efficient underwater sensors which can perform also in rough sea condition. Priced appropriately, and readily available with defined physical and software interfaces, these components open the door to the development of a low-R&D, simplified vehicle. Hydrodynamic properties and propulsion efficiency should be enhanced in order to improve the performance of the vehicle. Application of solar energy and variable buoyancy concept is to be utilized to improve the endurance of the vehicle. The autonomy of an AUV is to be modified in order to optimize efficiency. Biomimetics (bio inspired AUVs) are better performing, more efficient and have large potential scope of developing more advance AUVs.
Aerodynamic analysis of deployable wing arrangement for space shuttle
(Spingerlink, 2022-11-19) Chandran, Vidya; Rajendran, Poornima; Gopakumar, Shabu; Arun Kumar, K. S.; Nikhilraj, C. A.; Janardhanan, Sheeja
The study space for morphing wings is astonishingly wide and provides ample scope for enhancements up against fixed wings. Morphing-wing research has accumulated considerable recognition in the aerospace community over the last decade, and a folding wing is a promising approach that can improve aircraft proficiency over multiple varieties of missions which conclusively enhance the capability of the space shuttle. In this paper, the conventional shape of the wings is being refashioned to serve the requirements for maintaining the flight and also for navigation. The idea was sparked by the traditional Japanese fan and has a hinged mechanism similar to that of the fan. This work introduces a novel concept for retractable dynamic wings on a space shuttle. Modeling of the spacecraft with modified wings is done in SOLIDWORKS. The aerodynamic analysis is performed using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method with ANSYS FLUENT® (2020 R1) as the solver. The aerodynamic force coefficients are estimated for five different specific deployment phases, viz., zeroth (0°), one quarter (7.5°), half (15°), three-quarter (22.5°), and full (30°) phases. The result reveals that the coefficient of drag drops and the coefficient of lift rises from the primary phase to the final phase providing promising inputs into the idea of retractable wings.
Aerodynamic analysis of deployable wing arrangement for space shuttle /
(Springer Nature, 2022-11-28) Janardhanan, Sheeja
The study space for morphing wings is astonishingly wide and provides ample scope for enhancements up against fixed wings. Morphing-wing research has accumulated considerable recognition in the aerospace community over the last decade, and a folding wing is a promising approach that can improve aircraft proficiency over multiple varieties of missions which conclusively enhance the capability of the space shuttle. In this paper, the conventional shape of the wings is being refashioned to serve the requirements for maintaining the flight and also for navigation. The idea was sparked by the traditional Japanese fan and has a hinged mechanism similar to that of the fan. This work introduces a novel concept for retractable dynamic wings on a space shuttle. Modeling of the spacecraft with modified wings is done in SOLIDWORKS. The aerodynamic analysis is performed using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method with ANSYS FLUENT® (2020 R1) as the solver. The aerodynamic force coefficients are estimated for five different specific deployment phases, viz., zeroth (0°), one quarter (7.5°), half (15°), three-quarter (22.5°), and full (30°) phases. The result reveals that the coefficient of drag drops and the coefficient of lift rises from the primary phase to the final phase providing promising inputs into the idea of retractable wings.
An analysis of steam coal import logistics in India and factors effecting the costs in the supply chain with reference to Indian power sector
(Global Conference on Operations and Supply Chain Management (GCOM 2012), 2012-03) Bangar Raju, T.; Mohan Rao, K. V.; Ramalingeswara Rao, B. V.
India has an ambitious plan of going for additional power generation capacity of 65000MW out of which 44000MW would through coal based. In the year 2009-2010 the domestic thermal coal production has been 400 million tonnes and 44 million tonnes of thermal coal has been imported. So at present 11% of our thermal coal consumption is being met through imports. Keeping in view the limitations in increasing domestic production like environmental, forestry and productivity issues, India is would be more dependent on imported coal for future needs. The projection of integrated energy policy report indicates that the range of coal requirement under various scenarios would be between 860-1296 million tonnes in the year 2031-32 of which imports are projected in the range of 53% to 57%. This underscores the need for adequate and efficient port handling facilities and ocean transport facilities for connecting the supply chain for the thermal power plants. The eleventh five year plan envisages an additional coal handling capacity to 115 million tonnes by the end of the plan period. In additional it is critical to identity the bottlenecks and cut down costs in ocean trade logistics and supply chain for more low cost fuel for the power requirements. The paper attempts to analyse various kinds of vessels transporting coal from Indonesia and south Africa to India. The major problems related to import logistics have been discussed and analysed. It can be concluded that size of ships and port infrastructure are key factors which could reduce the costs in the supply chain.
An Improved cipher based automatic theorem proving technique for encryption and decryption
(Advances in Mathematics: Scientific Journal, 2020) Talari, Surendra.; Amiripalli, S. S.; Sirisha, P.; Sateesh kumar, D; Krishna Deepika, V.
Globalization has positively influenced almost every sector in India. In the present digital world, security and management of information in the cyber space is quite crucial. The multifarious dimension of cryptography plays an important role in exchange of information securely. In this paper we propose one new crypto system technique using Automatic Theorem Proving concept by assigning various ciphers to the antecedent and consequent rules. Here we form the sequent using plaint text, connective symbols then encrypt this plain text into various levels using antecedent rules and consequent rules and the corresponding assigned ciphers. Since it involves various levels of encryptions and decryptions, it is difficult to the attacker to decrypt the plain text, so that security is more. Though the encryption and decryption run time of the proposed technique is feasible, the security levels are infeasible.
An overview of the opportunities and challenges in entrepreneurship /
(IJOMSR, 2024-04-24) Verma, Sonali; Shukla, Vikesh Kumar; Sharma, Navneet
Firstly, it is important to mention the classification of a generation before understanding what a millennium is? There are five generations divided, namely (a) Baby Boomers, (b) Gen X, (c) Millennials, (d) Gen, and (e) Alpha. In the past few decades, millennials have received a lot of attention due to their transformation into adults. As the largest generation currently active in the workforce, they have sufficient numbers and power to stand up for what they deserve, and employers who hope to attract and retain millennial talent should pay attention. Millennials are often told to focus on effort rather than achievement, and often receive rewards for participation rather than performance. Millennials face certain challenges in the job market, such as technology (artificial intelligence) for job screening, higher entry qualifications, lack of experience, dishonest recruitment, safety, climate change, economy, etc. The "millennials" are the first generation of "digital indigenous people", who have never known a world without digital technology. Their use of smartphones and applications supports them in completing tasks
Analysing volatility spillovers between grain and freight markets /
(Portal hrvatskih znanstvenih i stručnih časopisa, 2020-12-21) Rao, Bhavana Venkata Ramalingeswar
The International Grain Council (IGC) circulates two price indices which are the Grain and Oilseeds Index (GOI) and the Grain and Oilseeds Freight Market Index (GOFI). These two indices indicate the respective market prices. The GOI markets are affected by various factors like supply and demand, weather, freight markets, etc. This research article attempts to explore and analyse volatility in GOI and GOFI markets using various GARCH family models, that is Exponential Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (EGARCH) analysis. The multivariate Dynamic Conditional Correlation Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity model (DCC GARCH) is used to find the spillovers between the two markets and thereby explore the effect of GOFI on GOI markets from the year 2013. The research article consists of four sections after introducing the subject namely a literature review, research methodology and models, analysis and conclusions of the study.
Analysis and design of berthing structure for handling bulk cargo
(Indian Maritime University, Visakhapatnam, 2019) Gaikwad, Amar G.; Patnaik, K. V. K. R. K.; Nagesh, Bh.
This paper presents basic ideas and terminology of structural optimization of a berthing structure which was analysed and designed using different load conditions and the best possible way to construct a new berthing structure. All the suitable and useful data was adopted from the proposed site location at Belekeri port in Karnataka state and studied carefully before designing the structure. The berth is to be designed for a vessel having capacity of 120000DWT. The structure is subjected to various forces and combinations such as, High tide, Earthquake, High winds, heavy live loads as per IS: 4651-1983.The proposed berthing structure Model was generated with suitable geometry using STAAD-Pro software, after which all considerable loads on the structure were induced and analysed carefully. Different sectional dimensions were trialed during the analysis and the most acceptable structure was designed with providing all structural members with suitable reinforcement and satisfying all marine safety conditions. This research is an attempt to understand the concept of design and analysis of berthing structures under different conditions of loading.
Analysis of antifouling paints using drum test apparatus
(RINA, 2015-12) Joshi, Madhu; Mukherjee, A.; Misra, S. C.; Ramesh, U. S.
Ship has been recognized as a major factor in introduction of non-native and harmful organisms which causes deleterious effects on the performance of the vessel. More than 70% of Invasive species worldwide have found to be due to hull fouling. To mitigate fouling, underwater parts of the vessels are coated with antifouling paints. Antifouling paints provide foul-free hulls up to a maximum of 95 % of the vessels underwater area. There are a number of types of these paints but “self-polishing coatings” are predominantly preferred by the shipping industry. In these types of coatings, a thin layer of biocide containing paint (typically 2 to 5 microns/month) is leached or “polished” away. This polishing action primarily depends on the hydrodynamic surface forces on the vessels hull. The higher the fluid velocity, the higher are the polishing rate. Certain areas of the vessel such as near the bow, stern, etc experience higher fluid velocity and therefore higher polishing rates thereby resulting in premature fouling. Conversely, areas where the flow rates are considerably smaller would experience lesser polishing rates which would result in insufficient amount of biocides being delivered which would again result in premature fouling. In order to study and estimate the polishing rates of Anti Fouling paint we have designed, fabricated a rotating drum test facility .Wall shear stress are to be calculated by CFD methods