Research Publications

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Author: search.filters.author.Balaji, Rajoo

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    A Novel Approach for Underwater Object Detection through Deep Intense-Net for Ocean Conservation Systems
    (IEEE OCEANS 2022, 2022-05-19) Bhuvaneswari, R. ; Surya, T. ; Srikanth, T. ; Balaji, Rajoo
    Underwater imaging is a robust tool for hydrographic analysis investigating aqua life possibilities and various research activities. An underwater environment is a unique environment, with frequently varying luminance and objects that differ in appearance compared with the above-water environment. Considering a few challenges, the proposed system is focused on deriving an optimum prediction model, which would differentiate and animate non-animated bodies, which include garbage, debris, etc. The model system uses the Stacked-CNN architecture, which has been optimized and forms a Deep Intense-Net which is customized with a particular focus on underwater objects. In this, the input images are labeled and converted into train images with back annotated bounding boxed features. Image samples of living organisms and non-living things in an underwater environment have been captured. The dataset is formed by combining a few real-time Google images with the brackish dataset. Among these, 75% of the images were used for the training process and the rest 25% was utilized for the testing or validation process. If a new input is forwarded to the network, it will map the features of the input image with the trained underwater images and give its output. These mapped features are combined to create a robust feature box that ensures the prediction quality. The model is being simulated on the MATLAB 2017 platform and the quantitative measures are done based on true positive rate, true negative rate, false-positive rate, and false-negative rate to provide relevant accuracy.
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    Controlling nox in modified high pressure split injection single cylinder diesel engine with egr-a mathematical approach /
    (IIETA, 2023-06-30) Balaji, Rajoo ; Yeditha, Veeravenakata SatyanarayanaMurthy; Premkumar, Balaji Chittibabu
    A single cylinder low powered diesel engine of 3.5kW was modified to run on Common rail direct injection high pressure split injection system. This modified engine was tested to run on the neat diesel with ultra-cooled exhaust gas recirculation. The adjustable working parameters i.e., injection pressures 200bar, 230bar, 250bar, 300bar and 350bar, retarded injection -11°, split injection -54°and -11°. After Top dead center position, Exhaust gas recirculation flow rates 5% & 10% respectively are tested on this engine under two typical operating conditions of ¼ full load of 0.875kW and ¾ full load of 2.625kW respectively. Single factor and multifactor orthogonal quadratic regression analysis has been carried to determine the effect of these 4 working parameters on engine emissions NOx. The mathematical equations characterizing the relationship between these 4 operating variables are formed. The equation of the NOx and noise was from the orthogonal regressive test under 1/4 Full load and ¾ Full load conditions was set as the objective function and the ranges of these 4 working variables are given as the constraint condition. Models of non-linear programming were then formulated and solved by using statistical analytical software. Test results showed that 10% Single Injection generates NOx of 194.87 parts per million while 10% Multiple fuel injection generates 199 while the minimum NOx that can be produced is 134.27.
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    Smarter education methodologies for met: an approach with augmented reality /
    (IEEE, 2022-02-21) Balaji, Rajoo
    The current Instructional Designs of Maritime Education and Training (MET) relies on models, oriented towards competency enhancement in a vocational backdrop. While outcome based models are being implemented to improve the formats, experiential learning methods have been proposed. These include simulator based training, virtual reality modules etc., which attempt to bring the physical and behavioural realism. It is deliberated that: inclusion of Augmented Reality (AR) in the formats would make training more effective.In this study, a pilot approach to investigate the effectiveness of AR has been followed. Conceptual Training Model based on AR is demonstrated to a selected target student population from Marine engineering discipline. They were put under this experience and the effects tested with formative and summative assessments. The variables for testing the hypothetical case on improvements are then formulated and probability of analysing impact of A R methodology on learner’s cognitive load and psychomotor skills will be proposed. This paper is limited to the review of literature and proposals of few AR models in the Competency formats of marine engineering training.
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    Vibrartion analysis of fibre glass contra rotating propeller of fishing vessel /
    (IEEE, 2022-02-21) Murthy, Y. V. V. Satyanarayana ; Balaji, Rajoo ; Narayanan, Jayagopal; Hulmani, Ram M.
    Conventional marine propeller remains the standard mechanism for ship propulsion however the blade material of a marine propeller is very significant in reducing the noise and vibration. The efficiency of a marine propeller mainly depends on blade material due to the marine corrosive environment, scaling and marine aquatic growth on the blade surface. The propeller efficiency depends on blade shape, size, density, and strength of the material. A suitable blade material should have low density, high strength and long fatigue life. At the same time the blade material should with stand large hydrodynamic inertia, fatigue load, sustain the sea environmental effects like accumulation of silts, sediments, algae, calcium deposits etc. Due to the increase in weight of the propeller due to these deposits and also designing a larger size propeller becomes more important. Indeed, optimising the weight of the propeller blades are of great importance since this would lower the forces transferred on to the propeller hub. These factors demand the selection of new and innovative materials for blade manufacturing to sustain above environmental conditions and required mechanical properties. Fibre glass appears to be a promising material for marine propellers being well known for its low weight, high strength and stiffness. It is highly flexible and low-cost material and acts as a protective barrier from corrosion and rust in saline environment and found to be a promising propeller material for small craft fishing vessels. To control the noise and vibration and improve the onboard comfort level on small fishing vessel contra rotating propeller made from fibre glass was proposed in the present research work. For this propeller made from 3 different materials such as fibre glass, Carbon Epoxy and Aluminium were chosen and modelled for different geometries. A contra rotating propeller comprises two coaxial propellers sited one behind the other and rotating in opposite directions. The forward propeller diameter is bigger in diameter has 4 blades while aftermost propeller is smaller in diameter have 3 blades only both of them made from fibre glass material. This present CAD model was designed using FUSION 360 software. The purpose of the contra rotating propeller is to ensure that the design of the propeller is tuned according to the above needs. The vibration simulation studies are carried using Ansys FEM analysis software. In this work the modal analysis was done without considering the damping for different thrust loads using Fluent software 16. 0. The blade is assumed like a cantilever beam subjected to loading. A higher section modulus is taken which can be achieved if more mass/fibre is distributed towards the root of the blade as opposed to the tip, as more distribution of mass away from the neutral axis. The simulation results obtained were compared with respect to the other materials. In the present simulation fixed boundary conditions are assumed at the two propeller shafts with total number of elements as 4548 and 8436 nodes. The results show that the mode shapes for above modelled fibre made glass contra rotating propeller regarding 1st, 2nd & 3rd order frequencies occur at of 52.815Hz, 78.42Hz & 116.96Hz respectively. The results confirms that fibre glass material would be a promising material for contra rotating propellers suitable to small craft marine fishing vessels.
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    Correlation between propulsion engine with propulsor for fishing vessels – a mathematical approach /
    (IEEE, 2022-02-21) Narayanan, Jayagopal; Murthy, Y. V. V. Satyanarayana ; Balaji, Rajoo ; Ghosh, Surajit; Hulmani, Ram M.
    The energy efficiency is of most important in all economical activities for the fishing industry, energy efficiency can be expressed in term of the ratio of fishing capture over operational cost. The fuel cost and maintenance cost in fishing vessel operation became a dominant factor of the total operational cost. Moreover, fuel cost is high and continues to increase. Each region in India follows unique methods of vessel construction and fishing methods. Also, vessel speed requirement of the regions and the type of fishing are diversified. One way to achieve best energy efficiency is highly depends on the optimum selection of engine and the propeller for the vessel. This research aims to estimate the optimal common mathematical simulation approach for matching propulsion engine along with propeller for the fishing vessel by considering all variables such as hull profile, fishing methods, operating pattern, resistances and appendix as an influencing function. The method and operation pattern of Cruising, Trawling, Purse seine, Gillnet, Long line are taken into consideration for all mathematical simulation. In addition to mathematical simulation this report also covers the practical verification and validation of actual on-board performance on all selected type of fishing vessels, methods, grounds and fishing operations.
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    Renewable Energy Options for Seaports
    (IEEE, 2022-02-21) Thangalakshmi, S.; Balaji, Rajoo
    In recent times, the application of renewable energy sources (RESs) for power distribution systems has been growing at a steady pace. This advancement brings several advantages such as energy sustainability and reliability, easier maintenance, cost-effective and ecofriendly energy option etc. The application of RESs in maritime systems such as port micro-grids could improve energy efficiency and reduce the utilization of fossil fuels, which has resulted in harm to the environment. Ports have been contemplating on several initiatives to improve their energy efficiency by deploying different types of RESs based on power electronic converters applications etc. This paper presents a systematic review to provide renewable energy options for state-of-the-art, modern electrification and infrastructure of seaports taking into account some challenges such as the environmental aspects, energy efficiency enhancement, renewable energy integration, and legislative and regulatory requirements. A brief projection of future work on the same is also included.
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    India’s blue economy priorities: maritime sector
    (Current Science, 2024-01-25) Balaji, Rajoo
    Blue economy is an all-inclusive concept based on seas and shorelines. India has prioritized its blue economy policies, and maritime development (logistics, infra-structure and shipping) is one of them. For charting the nation’s growth, a regular review of global trends and India’s plans is imperative. The major drivers or focal areas will be decarbonization and digitalization. Increased costs due to transformations, including tech-nology acceptances and investments in port develop-ment to improve productivity will be on predictable paths. Shipping route alternatives (Northern Sea route, Belt and Road Initiative, etc.) will be in the discourses. Digitalization measures such as Maritime Single Win-dow, Port Community Systems, etc. will get traction. India needs to shift gears with its Sagarmala projects and keep pace with the global transformative changes, especially on the digital front. Based on its new National Logistics Policy, logistics costs as a large head need to be considered along with performance metrics. This article juxtaposes global trends and indices, and lists a few issues that India must address.
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    Long term port monitoring system (PMS)
    (Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, 2014) Suseentharan, V.; Sivakholundu, K. M.; Jena, B. K. ; Ravinder, M.; Balaji, Rajoo
    NIOT has developed and operated a Port Monitoring System (PMS) at Gujarat Pipavav Port Limited (GPPL) to measure tide and current on real time. PMS consists of a pressure based tide gauge and a Horizontal Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (H-ADCP) installed at 5 m depth w.r.t Chart Datum (CD). Tide, current speed and direction are measured and transmitted to NIOT server in real time and data is presented through web application after quality check (QC). The success and high utility of the data at GPPL has resulted in requests for similar installations in other ports (Mundra, Dahej, Hazira, Vizhinjam, Dhamra and IGCAR) which enabled NIOT to expand the PMS network. The system can be used with different communication links like GPRS, UHF and INSAT. Using GPRS link, the sensors can be configured remotely to change the sampling regime and communication interval. Being a modular design, the PMS has an option for integrating more sensors for met-ocean and water quality parameters depending on site or study specific requirement. The paper discusses the basic architecture, options that can be built and the experience gained during development, installation and operation in various site conditions.
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    Voltage and frequency control of an asynchronous generator for a stand-alone wind energy conversion system
    (Journal of Transport System Engineering, 2016) Balaji, Rajoo
    This paper proposes the voltage and frequency control for standalone wind energy conversion system, driven by isolated asynchronous generator with voltage source converter and battery energy storage system. The controller is a combination of voltage source converter made up of insulated gate bipolar junction transistor and battery storage system at the dc-link. Bidirectional active and reactive power flow capability of the controller function to ensure the voltage and frequency control of the system during variation in consumer load and wind turbine speed. The proposed system has been tested through MATLAB using Simulink.
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    Validation of engine performance for tests on ballast water heat treatment using engine waste heat
    (International Journal of Marine Engineering Innovation and Research, 2017-12) Balaji, Rajoo; Yaakob, Omar; Koh, Kho King; Adnan, Faizul Amri bin; Ismail, Nasrudin bin; Ahmad, Badruzzaman bin; Ismail, Mohd Arif bin
    Heat treatment has been considered as a suitable option for treatment of ballast water. Utilising the waste heat from the diesel engine fresh water and exhaust gases would be an economic option. For recovering the heat from the exhaust gases, heat exchangers are required to be placed in their flow path. The sea water coolant after recovering heat from fresh water has to be directed to this heat exchanger for sterilisation. For testing the effectiveness of these heat recoveries on species’ mortalities, a mini-scale system was arranged and tests were carried out. The engine output and other flow rates were maintained to achieve a temperature range of 55 to 80oC. Data was obtained from the sensors and probes fitted at relevant points. The engine performance was monitored with computerised control equipment. Operational data from five test runs were analysed and verified by two approaches. In the first approach, the heat recovered by the water was compared with the heat lost by the exhaust gases and the maximum variation was observed to be 3.4%. In the second approach, the input energies were computed using two different methods using data values of brake power, thermal efficiency, mass flows, calorific value and specific fuel consumption. A maximum variation of -11% was seen for only one test run, while for other tests the variation was between -0.7% to -1.7%. The values obtained from the connected probes and the computed results were thus validated and further tests on species were carried out.