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    Introduction to natural gas: A comparative study of its storage, fuel costs and emissions for a harbor tug
    (Society of Naval Architects & Marine Engineers, 2013-11-08) Eswara, Arun Kishore; Misra, S. C.; Ramesh, U. S.
    This paper discusses the science of natural gas, its composition and ways to determine and coherently express its physical and chemical properties. Pricing of natural gas is shown with regard to weight and energy. A 60 Ton harbor tug employing either a set of constant rpm engines for CPP operation, or a set of variable rpm engines for FPP operation, with a standard load profile is made the basis for discussion. Advantage of evaluating thermal efficiency of gas engines relative to the higher heating value of natural gas, as against its lower heating value is explained. A compendium of storage options and the resulting endurance with the use of natural gas forms such as liquified gas (LNG), compressed gas (CNG) and adsorbed gas (ANG) is presented. Steps to ascertain fuel consumption of the gas engines operated according to the load profile and an approach to evaluate and relate the quantities of LNG, CNG and ANG is shown. Fuel costs and emissions from the tug operation using natural gas as fuel are evaluated per month and compared with diesel and residual fuels. Green House Gas emissions as a summation of emission constituents from the natural gas fuelled tug operation is detailed, and its need emphasized. The concepts of useful work done, emission efficiency parameter and energy efficiency parameter, which may be helpful in the design of harbor tugs and similar service vessels are proposed. The emission efficiency parameter is evaluated and analyzed for the 60 ton harbor tug.
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    Impact of Tamarindus Indica biodiesel blends on performance and exhaustemissions characteristics of light duty compression ignitionengine
    (Materials Today: Proceedings, 2021) Jayashri N Nair; Satyanarayana Murthy, Y.V.V.
    Tamarind (Tamarindus Indica) is an integral part of South Indian cuisine. Its pulp is used to add sourness to southIndian curries. However tamarind seeds which are having a considerable amount of lipid in it are thrown away. Ourmain objective is to produce Tamarind biodiesel (TB) from tamarind seed oil and investigate its effect onperformance and exhaust emissionsof CI engine. Oil was extracted from Tamarind seeds and was converted to biodiesel by transesterification process with NaOH as catalyst. Tests were performed using TB5, TB10, TB15 blendswith 1500 rpm rated speed and compression ratio of18. The performance test results revealed that BTE of B15 wasgreater in comparison to other blends as well as diesel . However BSFC for TB blends were greater compared to neat diesel . Considerable reductions in exhaust emissions were observed with TB blends. TB10 showed apical reductionof 27% in CO and 15% reduction in smoke. TB5 showed 25% HC reduction followed by TB10 with 19.25% reductions.TB15 showed 19.36% of highest NOx reduction followed by TB10 with 10.7% NOx reduction. TB10 proved to giveoptimum test results for performance and emissions. From the results it can be concluded that TB can be consideredas a viable option for biodiesels.