A study on policy and regulatory challenges in the Indian port sector

Abstract

The Indian port sector serves as a critical component of the nation's trade infrastructure, handling over 90% of its international trade by volume. This study examines the evolving policy framework and regulatory environment governing Indian ports, with a particular focus on their impact on operational efficiency, competitiveness, and private sector participation. The research evaluates key policy initiatives, including the Major Port Authorities Act, 2021, the Maritime India Vision 2030, and the Sagarmala Programme, assessing their effectiveness in addressing infrastructural and procedural inefficiencies. Through a comprehensive literature review and analysis of port performance indicators, the study identifies persistent challenges such as regulatory overlap, limited autonomy of port authorities, and imbalanced competition between major and non-major ports. It further explores recent developments aimed at digitalization, PPP expansion, and environmental sustainability. The findings highlight the need for more cohesive and transparent policy implementation to foster a globally competitive port ecosystem in India. The study concludes with recommendations to streamline regulatory processes, enhance private participation, and promote integrated port-led development.