Conference Proceedings

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An analysis of steam coal import logistics in India and factors effecting the costs in the supply chain with reference to Indian power sector
(Global Conference on Operations and Supply Chain Management (GCOM 2012), 2012-03) Bangar Raju, T.; Mohan Rao, K. V.; Ramalingeswara Rao, B. V.
India has an ambitious plan of going for additional power generation capacity of 65000MW out of which 44000MW would through coal based. In the year 2009-2010 the domestic thermal coal production has been 400 million tonnes and 44 million tonnes of thermal coal has been imported. So at present 11% of our thermal coal consumption is being met through imports. Keeping in view the limitations in increasing domestic production like environmental, forestry and productivity issues, India is would be more dependent on imported coal for future needs. The projection of integrated energy policy report indicates that the range of coal requirement under various scenarios would be between 860-1296 million tonnes in the year 2031-32 of which imports are projected in the range of 53% to 57%. This underscores the need for adequate and efficient port handling facilities and ocean transport facilities for connecting the supply chain for the thermal power plants. The eleventh five year plan envisages an additional coal handling capacity to 115 million tonnes by the end of the plan period. In additional it is critical to identity the bottlenecks and cut down costs in ocean trade logistics and supply chain for more low cost fuel for the power requirements. The paper attempts to analyse various kinds of vessels transporting coal from Indonesia and south Africa to India. The major problems related to import logistics have been discussed and analysed. It can be concluded that size of ships and port infrastructure are key factors which could reduce the costs in the supply chain.
Cost assessment and tariff determination : cargo handling experiences at a private port
(5 Case Centre, 2015) Bhanu Prakash, Nookala; Dhingra, Tarun; Bangar Raju, T.; Ramalingeswara Rao, B. V.
(This case is written based on personal observations, interactions, and information collected from authorities of a private port in Gujarat and is purely for academic discussions to suit post graduate students. Taking this objective as cue and as per suggestions of authorities, financial figures are tweaked and name of the port is not disclosed.) Assessment of costs involved in handling a ship holds key for calculating tariff to be levied for services provided to client. A port provides numerous services to a ship that visits for loading and/or unloading of cargo and in the process incurs numerous costs. Precision in identifying costs incurred while providing services and charging clients accordingly help in maintaining confidence of clients and profits for port. The present case deals with cargo handling process of a private port and costs determination for such services. A port attempts to provide reliable and speedy services at competitive prices for its clients so as to maintain client satisfaction and business. Ports in competitive market environment are investing huge amount of funds on infrastructural setup only to reduce stay time of both ship and cargo at the port. Modern ports, often, maintain alternative mechanism to handle the cargo that they handle. This Case Study is based on the observations, interactions and subsequent data collection from a private port in Gujarat on west coast of India and covers assessment of costs involved in handling a ship arriving with coal that the port is to handle for one of its clients. A port also provides certain additional services as desired by client for further charges. A decision on identifying a cost-effective alternative with ease of handling from among two modes of cargo handling process is to be made by the students. The case is well suited for students with ability to understand process costing concepts.
Liquefied natural gas as alternative bunker for IMO 2020
(Indian Maritime University, Visakhapatnam, 2019) Bangar Raju, T.; Pande, Purbesh.; Ramalingeswara Rao, B. V.
With IMO 2020 deadline approaching nearer the vessel owners are looking for cleaner fuel or better options to meet the new emissions norms. The first option is going for cleaner low sulphur oil which more pressure on refineries and costs could be an issue. The scrubbers could be a short-term solution but costs of the same may be too high for the vessel owner. LNG fuel could be good option with zero emissions of sulphur and easy availability. The paper discusses the merits and demerits of LNG as alternative bunker. It also analysis the relationship between prices of LNG with Brent crude and MGO. The results show that LNG prices are not correlated with the prices of Brent crude and MGO prices.
Study of principal operational performance indicators of various indian ports for imported steam coal
(International Forum on Shipping, Ports and Airports (IFSPA), 2014-05) Bangar Raju, T.; Ramalingeswara Rao, B. V.
India being the largest importer of steam and it account for 54% of thermal energy in the country. The limitations of domestic production and supply have seen tremendous increase in imports of steam coal from Indonesia, south Africa and Australia . Understanding various bottlenecks and high costs which are incurring due to port congestion, poor infrastructure and poor port performance, there was a need to study port performance indicators for steam coal. From the literature survey, through number of studies were made to measure port performance indicators in general, but no specific research was made scientifically for specific bulk cargoes like steam coal. Therefore eight port performance indicators were taken based on UNCTAD guidelines and eleven east coast ports of India which handle steam coal were considered for study. This data for of these port performance indicators was collected and principal component analysis was done to reduce the eight variable from the research study it was found that port draft and berthing time efficiency played major role to reduce berthing time efficiency and ocean freight costs."