Conference Proceedings

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A Generic algorithm based data envelopment analysis to measure efficiency levels at liquid terminals of major ports of India during 2013-14 to 2017-18.
(2019) Pavan Kumar, Pannala; Bhanu Prakash, Nookala; Ramalingeswara Rao, B. V.; Anirudh, Bhavana
India, a vibrant economy with potential scope for development had attracted investments into multiple sectors of economy both by Indian and foreign investors. However, reliance on imports of energy requirements had put pressure on its foreign exchange. India’s own petro resources are not sufficient to meet the growing demands of its economy. Petroleum, Oil, and Lubricants (POL) along with natural gas products have been the major importing cargo for India and therefore account for as a major importing bill for the nation. Shipping had been the cheapest and safest way to transport of this cargo and ports have been contributing towards the smooth movement of POL products in India. It is imperative for the Indian ports to efficiently handle this key cargo and reduce the overall logistics cost involved in the entire supply chain. With over 32% share, POL accounts to be the single largest cargo handled at Major ports of India. Considering the significance of this major cargo component, it is important to check the level of efficiency with which the ports handle. Such studies on POL terminal operations would help the major ports to learn from the efficient ports among them. Lack of existing literature measuring performances of liquid terminals at major port has motivated this study to fill the gap and check the efficiency with which these liquid terminals are actually operating. Research works addressing port performance, covering ports and container terminals, have used Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), a popular non-parametric technique to measure efficiency levels. Taking a cue from these studies measuring port efficiency, this study has applied Genetic Algorithm based DEA to measure efficiency at liquid terminals of the major ports of India. Results at the 12 major ports handling liquid cargo show that none of the port had attained the efficiency level of 1 and that all ports have a lot of scope to improve their performance.
A new era of maritime education
(INMARCO, 2011-12) Misra, S. C.
Imparting quality education is an ongoing process and the role of good faculty and infrastructure facilities cannot be undermined. IMU is making efforts to give a new direction and set academic standards in imparting quality maritime education. For this to happen, the need for academic programs supported by strong values of research is felt like never before. IMU must set forth an example in this direction.
A Study on the challenges and opportunities of reverse logistics innovation in rural areas
(International Conference on Innovation and management: The Way Ahead, 2022-09-29) Ajay Kumar, Kanithi; Adinarayana Rao, U. V.; Bhanu Prakash, N.
Reverse logistics (RL) is a dynamically evolving process, where goods meant for returns or repairs move from the customer to the producer. This study is an attempt to explore the current status, challenges and opportunities in RL with a focus on selected rural areas. The study proposes certain pertinent innovative measures for the implementation of RL in underserved rural areas. Related case studies were used to illustrate the possible impact of RL innovation. By using empirical findings from case studies, it can be shown that some fundamental differences in logistics innovation exist. To identify possible reverse logistic innovations in rural areas, this study had undertaken an extensive literature review accompanied with personal interaction and observations with the various logistics service providers (LSPs). Along with the opportunities, the barriers in front of the establishment of a RL system and the contribution of innovation in overcoming these challenges are discussed.
Aerodynamic analysis of deployable wing arrangement for space shuttle
(Spingerlink, 2022-11-19) Chandran, Vidya; Rajendran, Poornima; Gopakumar, Shabu; Arun Kumar, K. S.; Nikhilraj, C. A.; Janardhanan, Sheeja
The study space for morphing wings is astonishingly wide and provides ample scope for enhancements up against fixed wings. Morphing-wing research has accumulated considerable recognition in the aerospace community over the last decade, and a folding wing is a promising approach that can improve aircraft proficiency over multiple varieties of missions which conclusively enhance the capability of the space shuttle. In this paper, the conventional shape of the wings is being refashioned to serve the requirements for maintaining the flight and also for navigation. The idea was sparked by the traditional Japanese fan and has a hinged mechanism similar to that of the fan. This work introduces a novel concept for retractable dynamic wings on a space shuttle. Modeling of the spacecraft with modified wings is done in SOLIDWORKS. The aerodynamic analysis is performed using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method with ANSYS FLUENT® (2020 R1) as the solver. The aerodynamic force coefficients are estimated for five different specific deployment phases, viz., zeroth (0°), one quarter (7.5°), half (15°), three-quarter (22.5°), and full (30°) phases. The result reveals that the coefficient of drag drops and the coefficient of lift rises from the primary phase to the final phase providing promising inputs into the idea of retractable wings.
An analysis of steam coal import logistics in India and factors effecting the costs in the supply chain with reference to Indian power sector
(Global Conference on Operations and Supply Chain Management (GCOM 2012), 2012-03) Bangar Raju, T.; Mohan Rao, K. V.; Ramalingeswara Rao, B. V.
India has an ambitious plan of going for additional power generation capacity of 65000MW out of which 44000MW would through coal based. In the year 2009-2010 the domestic thermal coal production has been 400 million tonnes and 44 million tonnes of thermal coal has been imported. So at present 11% of our thermal coal consumption is being met through imports. Keeping in view the limitations in increasing domestic production like environmental, forestry and productivity issues, India is would be more dependent on imported coal for future needs. The projection of integrated energy policy report indicates that the range of coal requirement under various scenarios would be between 860-1296 million tonnes in the year 2031-32 of which imports are projected in the range of 53% to 57%. This underscores the need for adequate and efficient port handling facilities and ocean transport facilities for connecting the supply chain for the thermal power plants. The eleventh five year plan envisages an additional coal handling capacity to 115 million tonnes by the end of the plan period. In additional it is critical to identity the bottlenecks and cut down costs in ocean trade logistics and supply chain for more low cost fuel for the power requirements. The paper attempts to analyse various kinds of vessels transporting coal from Indonesia and south Africa to India. The major problems related to import logistics have been discussed and analysed. It can be concluded that size of ships and port infrastructure are key factors which could reduce the costs in the supply chain.
Analysis and design of berthing structure for handling bulk cargo
(Indian Maritime University, Visakhapatnam, 2019) Gaikwad, Amar G.; Patnaik, K. V. K. R. K.; Nagesh, Bh.
This paper presents basic ideas and terminology of structural optimization of a berthing structure which was analysed and designed using different load conditions and the best possible way to construct a new berthing structure. All the suitable and useful data was adopted from the proposed site location at Belekeri port in Karnataka state and studied carefully before designing the structure. The berth is to be designed for a vessel having capacity of 120000DWT. The structure is subjected to various forces and combinations such as, High tide, Earthquake, High winds, heavy live loads as per IS: 4651-1983.The proposed berthing structure Model was generated with suitable geometry using STAAD-Pro software, after which all considerable loads on the structure were induced and analysed carefully. Different sectional dimensions were trialed during the analysis and the most acceptable structure was designed with providing all structural members with suitable reinforcement and satisfying all marine safety conditions. This research is an attempt to understand the concept of design and analysis of berthing structures under different conditions of loading.
Analysis of antifouling paints using drum test apparatus
(RINA, 2015-12) Joshi, Madhu; Mukherjee, A.; Misra, S. C.; Ramesh, U. S.
Ship has been recognized as a major factor in introduction of non-native and harmful organisms which causes deleterious effects on the performance of the vessel. More than 70% of Invasive species worldwide have found to be due to hull fouling. To mitigate fouling, underwater parts of the vessels are coated with antifouling paints. Antifouling paints provide foul-free hulls up to a maximum of 95 % of the vessels underwater area. There are a number of types of these paints but “self-polishing coatings” are predominantly preferred by the shipping industry. In these types of coatings, a thin layer of biocide containing paint (typically 2 to 5 microns/month) is leached or “polished” away. This polishing action primarily depends on the hydrodynamic surface forces on the vessels hull. The higher the fluid velocity, the higher are the polishing rate. Certain areas of the vessel such as near the bow, stern, etc experience higher fluid velocity and therefore higher polishing rates thereby resulting in premature fouling. Conversely, areas where the flow rates are considerably smaller would experience lesser polishing rates which would result in insufficient amount of biocides being delivered which would again result in premature fouling. In order to study and estimate the polishing rates of Anti Fouling paint we have designed, fabricated a rotating drum test facility .Wall shear stress are to be calculated by CFD methods
Anifouling paint schemes to minimize the risk of transmigration of invasive species
(Sixteenth National Congress on Corrosion Control, 2012-08) Mukherjee, A.; Joshi, Madhu; Misra, S. C.; Ramesh, U. S.
Biocorrosion or biofouling on ships hull occurs to the attachment of barnacles, mollusks and Other aquatic organisms on the surface of ships which leads to increase in fuel consumption, reduction of the vessels speed, premature failure of the hull, etc. Recent developments in antifouling paints, in general, prevent fouling in about 95% percent of the vessels underwater surface, which ship operators find satisfactory as far as the routine vessel operation is concerned. However, this is not sufficient enough to prevent the transport or invasion of alien species which result in numerous environmental issues that include reduction and extinction of native species and thereby seriously disrupting the natural ecosystems. Virtually all ocean going vessels are coated with antifouling paints, predominant among them are “Self polishing coatings” and “Foul Release Coatings”. Both these coatings depend on hull shear forces caused by the motion of the vessel, by different mechanisms, to result in the hull to be essentially foul-free. Currently hulls are coated with a uniform layer of antifouling paints. However, CFD analysis conducted on various types of vessels have shown highly non-uniform wall stress distribution along the vessels hull. This results in premature paint failure for “Self polishing Coatings” and insufficient shear forces for “Foul release coatings” to release the attached fouling organisms. Both these factors contribute significantly to the transmigration of invasive species. Preliminary results of the current work indicate that certain areas of the vessel such as such as bow thrusters, sea chest, stern tube, rudder etc. are the likely areas to be heavily fouled thereby warranting special attention in such areas. Solutions to these issues include alternative paint schemes/formulations in the identified niche areas to account for non-uniform shear and polishing of paints. Such schemes would ultimately reduce the risk of transmigration of invasive species
Application of parametric acoustics for shallow-water near-surface geophysical investigations
(IEEE, 2006-05) Vasudevan, Manoj; Sivakholundu, K. M.; Venkata Rao, D.; Kathiroli, S.
Shallow-water near-surface geophysical investigations were carried out, under two different scenarios - one to assess the status of a pipeline in the West coast and the other to assess the effect of water-injection dredging in the East coast of India. In both these investigations, Parametric Sediment Echo Sounder (SES-2000), a system developed by Innomar Technologie GmbH, which makes use of the parametric acoustical effect, was used. In the former case, profiles were taken across a pipeline at regular intervals to determine whether it was buried or exposed. The parametric system produces a 2D geo-acoustic section in which the pipe is indicated by a hyperbolic curve. The exposed height or buried depth of the pipeline at a crossing is then estimated. This investigation could, also, reveal the geomorphologic changes in the immediate vicinity of the pipeline. In the latter case, parametric acoustics was utilized to provide supplementary results for the assessment of water-injection dredging. Parametric acoustic data could expose the abrupt termination of certain near-seabed layer interfaces and sediment accumulations along steep slope, quite convincingly. SES-2000 proved to be handy to investigate the near-surface sub-seabed, especially in areas where conventional or popular methods find practical difficulties to be carried out.
Assessing underwater noise levels during various port activities at the Visakhapatnam channel
(Indian Maritime University, Visakhapatnam, 2019) Pavan Kumar, G. V. V.; Prasanna Kumar, A.; Prasad, V. V. S.
Transport infrastructure is one of the most important factors for country’s progress or economic growth. Ports serve as important transportation hubs that facilitate goods movement. Visakhapatnam Port is the second largest port by volume of cargo handled located in the east coast of India. Under the modernization program the port is capable for handling vessels up to 14.5 m by maintenance dredging and some jetties extension with piling activity. The major activities of the port operation are the vessel handling using tugs and movement of other vessel within the inner harbor of the Visakhapatnam channel. The underwater noise levels of the channel are measured by deploying Omni-directional hydrophone at different location along the channel and the radiated noise levels due to the tug boat operations. The TASCAM data recorder is used to convert the voltage signal to sound file and Fast Fourier Transformation spectral analysis program for post-processing the time and frequency domain spectrum. The tug machinery self-noise indicated a peak amplitude of 157 dB re 1μ Pa at 425 Hz. The jetty modification work recorded the piling activity radiated noise levels as indicated in the spectrogram in the lower frequency of nearly one second duration. The anthropogenic noise due to tugs movement and the piling activity have major influence in increasing the ambient noise of the region. However, there are no evidence of presence any marine mammals getting effected due to the continuous shipping and other activities in the region. The present study shall help to develop measures to reduce the increase in the ambient noise levels of the region due to various anthropogenic sources as part of a major environment impact assessment study for developing a green port.
Bio diesel as an alternative fuel for maritime transport
(Indian Maritime University, 2011-09-30) Misra, S. C.; Ramesh, U. S.
Movement of goods through seaways and rivers is one of the most energy efficient modes of transportation. Majority of the ships and boats in maritime transportation use Diesel engines for propulsion and power requirements burning a variety of grades of fossil fuel. However with the advent of the concept of sustainable environment, this industry is also looking towards improving its energy efficiently and environment friendliness. This paper outlines the regulatory requirements for fuels and emissions from diesel engines from ships operating in international trade. While Bio Diesel is one of the alternatives for reduction of maritime emissions due to its very low or negligible sulphur content and amenability to complete combustion, its testing in a marine environment in India is limited. The paper gives an overview of some of the results of studies conducted internationally on the use of Bio Diesels in marine transportation. An estimate of requirement of biodiesel for Coastal shipping in India is presented. The paper stresses the need for increased testing of Biodiesel blends in marine engines to quantify the benefits and cost implications for use in coastal and river movement of cargo and passengers.
Comparative study for resistance of a bulk carrier using CFD
(Altair Technology Conference, 2013-07) Bhavaraju, Pradeep J. S.; Revathi, Ch.; Ramesh, U. S.
The hydrodynamic performance of a vessel depends on the shape of the hull. Therefore it is important that the hull form be carefully designed to minimize pressure distribution and resistance. A CFD analysis for the full scale bulk carrier is made to estimate the resistance at different velocitie . A 3D steady state, incompressible viscous flow analysis for 8, 12 and 14 knots at 7.8 m draft level is executed for zero offset flow angle using the CFD package ACUSOLVE and the results are compared with experimentally obtained model test results. An attempt is made to simulate free surface interaction between the bulk carrier and water using the Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics method available in RADIOSS solver.
Comparitive CFD study for a ship hull with sonar dome a different positions
(IIT, Kharagpur, 2011-12) Jaya Simha, B. Pradeep; Das, H. N.; Niranjan Kumar, I. N.
Sonar Domes are traditionally Hull Mounted and is placed in between bow and the mid ship. Placing the dome in such a way greatly reduces the risk of damage in heavy seas but it requires extreme design consideration. However, bow mounted domes also exhibit hydrodynamic advantages and are becoming more and more popular with time. A bow mounted dome may work like a bulbous bow and helps reducing the drag of the ship. The position of the appended dome greatly influences the flow near the hull and greatly affects the performance of the hull. Since there is a scope to position the dome at various locations along the hull, a CFD analysis is done to determine the performance of hull at three different positions of the ship and the results are compared in this paper. A detailed study of flow including streamlines, drag, wake at different regimes of flow etc., is made for different configurations of the dome. The sonar dome is placed at different locations beginning from the bow end to the mid-shipsection along the center-line of the ship and the performance of the hull is studied. The surface model of the sonar dome with hull is generated using modeling package CATIA. Surface and volume mesh is generated thereafter using ICEM CFD (v 10.0). The mesh is imported for flow analysis into Fluent (v 6.2) software. RANS equation was solved for turbulent, viscous and steady flow. However, the free surface could not be resolved well with Fluent and hence wave-resistance could not be estimated with Fluent. SHIPFLOW software was used to get wave resistance. SHIPFLOW solves potential flow equations for estimating waves and predicts skin friction from boundary layer equations. The CHAPMAN solver of SHIPFLOW was also used to estimate the fully turbulent flow near the stern region. Whereas, the RANS solution of Fluent is expected to predict viscous resistance more accurately the wave resistance may be confidently predicted from potential flow solver of SHIPFLOW. Use of different flow-equations for estimating different components of ship-resistance is an interesting aspect of this paper. Finally the performances of ship hull with sonar dome at different positions are compared to obtain the best location.
Control of bio corrosion to prevent the propagation of invasive species
(National Corrosion Council of India (NCCI), 2010-09-16) Madhu, Joshi; Mukherjee, A.; Misra, S. C.; Ramesh, U. S.
Biocorrosion or biofouling on ships hull occursdue to the attachment of barnacles, mollusks and other aquatic organisms on the surface of ships which leads to increase in fuel consumption, reduction of the vessels speed, premature failure of the hull, etc. Recent developments in antifouling paints, in general, prevent fouling in about 95% percent of the vessels underwater surface, which ship operators find satisfactory as far as the routine vessel operation is concerned. However, this is not sufficient to prevent the transport or invasion of alien species. In recent years the issue of invasive marine species has been receiving considerable attention due to the fact that introduction of nonidegenous species or non-native species transmigrated from other areas to coastal waters often results in the reduction and even extinction of the native species and thereby severely disrupting the natural marine ecosystems. The predominant vector for the transport of nonindigenous species in marine environments has been shipping. While ballast water receives the most attention, hull fouling is now considered to be the most significant means for translocation of these organisms. For example, 90 percent of the 343 marine alien species in Hawaii are thought to have arrived through hull fouling. Certain niche areas of the vessel such as bow thrusters, sea chest, stern tube, rudder etc. are the likely areas to be heavily fouled. In addition, the other areas that are likely to be fouled are on locations where antifouling paint has been worn of due to excessive shear and bending of the hull. This paper reviews the various antifouling strategies and aims identify areas on the hull surfaces of certain classes of vessels that are prone to fouling by excessive shear and bending and identify suitable antifouling treatments to further reduce the risk of transportation of alien species.
Control of biocorrosion to prevent the propagation of invasive species
(Indian Maritime University, Chennai, 2010-09) Joshi, Madhu; Mukherjee, A.; Ramesh, U. S.; Misra, S. C.
Biocorrosion or biofouling on ships hull occursdue to the attachment of barnacles, mollusks and other aquatic organisms on the surface of ships which leads to increase in fuel consumption, reduction of the vessels speed, premature failure of the hull, etc. Recent developments in antifouling paints, in general, prevent fouling in about 95% percent of the vessels underwater surface, which ship operators find satisfactory as far as the routine vessel operation is concerned. However, this is not sufficient to prevent the transport or invasion of alien species. In recent years the issue of invasive marine species has been receiving considerable attention due to the fact that introduction of nonidegenous species or non-native species transmigrated from other areas to coastal waters often results in the reduction and even extinction of the native species and thereby severely disrupting the natural marine ecosystems. The predominant vector for the transport of nonindigenous species in marine environments has been shipping. While ballast water receives the most attention, hull fouling is now considered to be the most significant means for translocation of these organisms. For example, 90 percent of the 343 marine alien species in Hawaii are thought to have arrived through hull fouling Certain niche areas of the vessel such as bow thrusters, sea chest, stern tube, rudder etc. are the likely areas to be heavily fouled. In addition, the other areas that are likely to be fouled are on locations where antifouling paint has been worn of due to excessive shear and bending of the hull. This paper reviews the various antifouling strategies and aims identify areas on the hull surfaces of certain classes of vessels that are prone to fouling by excessive shear and bending and identify suitable antifouling treatments to further reduce the risk of transportation of alien species.
Control strategy for fuel saving in asynchronous generator driven electric tugboats
(IEEE, 2016-12) Anil Kumar, B.; Anil Kumar, K.; Radha, T.; Chelliah, Thanga Raj; Khare, Deepak; Ramesh, U. S.
Usually electric tugboats are equipped with diesel engine based electric generator for power production, battery for supplying power to auxiliary loads and electric motors for propulsion. This paper proposes control strategies for diesel engine and electric generators used in electric tugboat to improve energy efficiency of the system. Doubly fed induction machine (DFIM), asynchronous in nature, is considered in this research which serves as generator (power production). The speed of diesel engine is controlled in accordance with the power demanded by the tug. Output voltage and frequency of generator during sub-synchronous operation are regulated by controlling its rotor current with the help of power electronic convertors. Comparison of fuel consumption at fixed and variable speeds of operation is performed. From the test results, it is observed that the variable speed operation of diesel generator offers significant reduction in fuel consumption.
Cost assessment and tariff determination : cargo handling experiences at a private port
(5 Case Centre, 2015) Bhanu Prakash, Nookala; Dhingra, Tarun; Bangar Raju, T.; Ramalingeswara Rao, B. V.
(This case is written based on personal observations, interactions, and information collected from authorities of a private port in Gujarat and is purely for academic discussions to suit post graduate students. Taking this objective as cue and as per suggestions of authorities, financial figures are tweaked and name of the port is not disclosed.) Assessment of costs involved in handling a ship holds key for calculating tariff to be levied for services provided to client. A port provides numerous services to a ship that visits for loading and/or unloading of cargo and in the process incurs numerous costs. Precision in identifying costs incurred while providing services and charging clients accordingly help in maintaining confidence of clients and profits for port. The present case deals with cargo handling process of a private port and costs determination for such services. A port attempts to provide reliable and speedy services at competitive prices for its clients so as to maintain client satisfaction and business. Ports in competitive market environment are investing huge amount of funds on infrastructural setup only to reduce stay time of both ship and cargo at the port. Modern ports, often, maintain alternative mechanism to handle the cargo that they handle. This Case Study is based on the observations, interactions and subsequent data collection from a private port in Gujarat on west coast of India and covers assessment of costs involved in handling a ship arriving with coal that the port is to handle for one of its clients. A port also provides certain additional services as desired by client for further charges. A decision on identifying a cost-effective alternative with ease of handling from among two modes of cargo handling process is to be made by the students. The case is well suited for students with ability to understand process costing concepts.
Design of high speed slamming planing craft
(Indian Maritime University, Visakhapatnam, 2019) Hadassah, T.; Nagesh, Bh.; Niranjan Kumar, I. N.
This paper chronicles the hypothetical study, test results, design aspects such as stability characteristics, vessel’s high speed performance i.e. short take-off and landing distance, and vertical take-off and landing characteristics, operating at low shallow draft,high speed propulsion efficiency sans cavitation interference, less machinery operating noise, compact hullform & structure, efficient conveyance and applications of High Speed Slamming Planing craft (HSSP). Amongst High Speed Performance Marine Vessels, this is one of the unique design proposition; based on the research, facsimile, exploratory and hypothetical study of a genus of large corytophanid lizards also known as basilisks moving on the water surface and on parallel study of the small high speed vessels.
Design of sustainable shore protection solution using geosynthetic tubes
(GA 2016 - 6th Asian Regional Conference on Geosynthetics, 2016) Kiran, A.; Ravichandran, V.; Jebakumar, P.; Abhishek, T.; Sivakholundu, K. M.
Development of autonomous dredger for inland waterways and enclosed water bodies
(EADA(I) Silver Jubilee Seminar, 2018-03-15) Pavan Kumar, G. V. V.; Ramesh, U. S.; Sivakholundu, K. M.
The conceptual layout of the proposed autonomous dredger is presented. The potential for dredging in inland water bodies - reservoirs and inland waterways – in India is five times larger than the conventional dredging (ports and channels). Unlike arine dredgers, these small dredgers cannot be directly scaled up due to restrictions imposed by transportation, environmental conditions, draft and deployment. To overcome some of the difficulties, Indian Maritime University at Visakhapatnam campus IMU[V] is working on the development of an Autonomous Dredger (AD). The design philosophy revolves around modularity, ase of transport and autonomous operation. Modularity will ensure that the dredger can be dismantled for road transport and assembled at dredge site with minimal handling machinery. AD is being designed for calm water operations with four point mooring support and meant for clay and sand removal by water jet based dredging. The autonomous operation will ensure unattended dredging operation on 24x7 basis. The AD will have an in-built bathymetric survey system that will provide pre and post dredging quantification. While deployment the overall reservoir site will be divided into small ‘cell’ of convenient size (say 100 x 100m). After deployment, the AD will survey, dredge and verify the work done autonomously within the cell. Manual intervention for operational purpose will be kept to a minimum for shifting the AD from one cell to next.