Thesis and Dissertations

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Study on Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Shipping Business of Maersk
(Indian Maritime University, Kochi Campus, 0022-05) Amalkrishna, P. A.; Yogamala, H. L.
Characterisation and performance of environment friendly natural antifoulants
(Indian Maritime University, Chennai, 2017) Joshi, Madhu.; Misra, S. C.; Mukherjee, Adithiya.; Sivakholundu, K. M.
In the middle of the 19th century antifouling paints were developed to prevent marine growth on ship hulls. Due to fouling, there is an increase in fuel consumption, reduction in vessel speed, increase in greenhouse emissions, acceleration of corrosion and propagation of invasive species. Today, ships are required to be drydocked every 5 years when the bottom hull is cleaned of fouling growth and painted with fresh coats of antifouling paint. Hull fouling takes place in marine environment in varying degrees. Density of marine organisms is higher in coastal water and since run-off from the land brings a wealth of food on which plankton exists, boats moored in harbours and estuaries are heavily fouled as paint depletion is low. There is an ongoing effort to improve the antifouling paint quality which can reduce fouling growth on hull surface and increase the gap in dry-docking schedules. But with this effort towards improving paint quality, it has been observed that paint components can be toxic causing ecological harm to ocean environment. Hence extensive research is being done in Natural Product Antifoulants (NPA). Natural product derivatives such as marine organisms like corals, sponges and seaweeds protect their body surfaces with several biochemical substances. Similarly, a wide array of terrestrial plants possess several natural compounds such as terpenes, acetylenes, polycyclic compounds, steroids, phenols, isothiocyanates, nitrogen containing compounds, glycerol derivatives, higher fatty acids and enzymes that are perhaps suitable as antifouling agents. Due to their availability and physio-chemical properties, Pongamia pinnata (Karanj) seed oil and Azadirachta indica (Neem) seed oil have been studied in the work for their potential use as antifouling agents. The bioassay studies against barnacle larvae reveal that Azadirachtin (Neem bioactive) has acute toxicity against barnacle larvae, percent motility inhibition being 64.78+3.95 at 0.5 µg.ml-1, 81.24+8.23 at 1.0 µg.ml-1and 100 at 5.0 µg.ml-1 in 24 hrs. Karanjin (Karanj bioactive) which also showed positive results against barnacle larvae at higher concentration, percent motility inhibition being 29.2+5.4 at 20 µg.ml-1 , 57.3+23.9 at 50 µg.ml-1and 85+25.9 at 100 µg.ml-1 in 4 hrs. The results of Neem toxicity also agrees with what was previously reported about Neem oil toxicity against L. Fortunei (Pereyra et.al., 2011) and Karanj oil has been used indigenously with Chandrus (a plant resin from members of the family Dipterocarpaceae) and lime in wooden boats to protect against termites Santhakumaran et.al., 1982). Marine exposure trials were conducted to find out the efficacy of Neem oil and Karanj oil in marine environment and these investigations on biocidal antifouling compositions were carried out at two sites at Visakhapatnam harbour. Environmental parameters such as temperature, salinity, pH and dissolved oxygen were monitored at the two stations. The seasonal pattern didn’t vary much during the field trials. The analyses of variances followed by post hoc tests of biofoulers recruitment both in terms of their numerical abundance and quantitative spread over the metal test plates from different points of view clearly demonstrated the usefulness of treatments in controlling biofouling formations at two sites at Visakhapatnam harbour despite spatial and temporal variations in the quality and quantity of biofouling on planted coupons. Analysis of variance conducted on the recruitment of Amphibalanus amphitrite amphitrite during various months as well as treatments at Visakhapatnam Fishing Harbour divulgedno significant difference in the abundance of this fouling barnacle species among various months (p=0.06), but projected very highly significant difference among various treatments given to the test plates (p = 4.78x10-8) signifying the effect of treatments over controls in curtailing the balanid recruitment. Thus, the overall assessment of performance of the bioactives of Karanj and Neem during the field exposure at the two sites in Visakhapatnam harbour in the backdrop of the performance of the Controls and Commercial antifoulant reveals that Neem bioactive is arginally better than Karanj bioactive and formulations incorporating still higher doses than the ones employed during the present investigation are required to achieve desired outcome of total prevention of biofouling on metal surfaces. Also, in order to significantly minimize fouling, antifouling (AF) painting schemes must also take into account the uneven hydrodynamic forces at the water-hull interface. If a correlation between wall shear stress at all locations on the vessels hull with rate of antifouling paint depletion is known, then the appropriate AF scheme could be applied. To obtain such a correlation the “Drum-Test” apparatus was devised, designed, manufactured and utilized. The results of paint film depletion of three self-polishing copolymer (SPC) antifouling paints versus time for various speeds of the drum indicated that Paint 3which was TBT free SPC antifouling paint with Cuprous oxide and organic biocides as active ingredients had maximum polishing rates while in Paint 1 which was TBT free SPC antifouling paint based on Copper acrylate, the polishing action was minimum. This implies that that Paint 1 could be coated for high speed high activity vessels such as ocean going vessels while Paint 3 would be an option for low speed low activity vessels such as harbour crafts, motor launch etc. This is expected to help in reducing the proportion of antifoulant in the proposed formulations paving way both for the development of eco-benign and cost-effective antifouling formulations. Key words: fouling, paint depletion, Natural product antifoulants, marine, terrestrial, bioactives, Commercial antifoulants, antifouling (AF) painting schemes, wall shear stress, Drum test apparatus, Selfpolishing Copolymer (SPC).
Ship recycling with a way to reduced hazardous effect on the environment
(Indian Maritime University, Kolkata Campus, 2019-06-19) Gadgil, Pratik
Ship recycling is a complex process of dismantling of the obsolete vessel, during this process a large amount of hazardous waste is produced which causes great environmental and health impact. To reduce this effect many laws and regulation are implemented but still there are cases of environmental impacts. This work is carried out to minimize the effect of hazardous material produced during ship dismantling. The data was collected from ship recycling yard of kolkata port trust. The list of quantity of hazardous material, average cost of disposal, average cost of transportation and storage cost is obtained. I consulted with maritime expert that is surveyors, ship recycling managers, chief engineers who suggested to use Analytic Hierarchy Process. Criteria in this process is based on expert suggestion and most preferred way for obsoleting vessel was found to be dry docking, Further based on data of quantity of hazardous material the preferred way of ship obsoleting was proposed. Further most hazardous material was calculated based on ship yard policy and it was found to be Asbestos and PCB. This method can be used in the industry as it give a whole view about best recycling method for green ship recycling, preferred method for vessel obsoleting based on inventory of hazardous material and also suggest potential hazard present in recycling yard based on ship recycling yard policy.
Process improvement in shipbuilding by implementation of predictive maintenance within the shipbuilding 4.0 environment
(Indian Maritime University, Kolkata Campus, 2019-06-19) Kumar, Rishi; Sinha, Sudhir Kumar
Shipyards use a variety of machinery and equipment in the process of ship building. The equipment is complex and requires expertise in handling and maintenance. The productivity of the shipyard is closely related to effective use of these machinery and equipment. The shipbuilding productivity in India is not among the best in the world. There are many reasons behind the lesser productivity, one such factor was identified by me is in the inability of the shipbuilding industry in adopting the technological advancements quickly. Industrial Internet of Things (Industrial Internet of Things) is a latest philosophy that has shown to be having many advantages. This technical leap if implemented may be called a Shipbuilding 4.0. IIOT can help in will change the structure, fabricating, task, shipping, administrations, creation frameworks, support and esteem chains in the all parts of the shipbuilding business and effect of the Shipbuilding 4.0 will be huge in shipbuilding machinery maintenance as well. In this project I have proposed a model to improve the shipbuilding process by proposing a usage prototype for implementation of IIOT in the shipyard based on findings and analysis of the causes of mechanical failure in major shipbuilding machinery in the shipyard, followed by an audit of the present day scholarly and mechanical advancements.
Design of small scale liquefaction cycle for natural gas
(Indian Maritime University, Kolkata Campus, 2019-06-19) Gupta, Nishit; Eswara, Arun Kishore
Liquefied natural gas is found to be the most economical mode of transportation for distances covering more than 3500 miles. The boiling point of natural gas is 111 .7 K at atmospheric pressure and falls under the category of cryogenics. The process has components such as compressor, heat exchanger, expansion valve, insulating material, storage tank and pipes. The liquefaction of natural gas is achieved by processing natural gas in the liquefaction cycle. There are many parameters affecting the cycle such as compressor efficiency, heat exchanger effectiveness, ambient temperature, friction losses in pipes and insulating materials. In this thesis, some of the above mentioned parameters are considered while some parameters are neglected or assumed appropriately. It is observed that out of the existing cycles such as simple Linde-Hampson cycle, Pre-cooled cycle, Claude cycle and Kapitza cycle, each cycle has its own benefits and drawbacks. The fraction of liquefaction is found maximum for simple Claude cycle while the work required also reduces due to expansion of the high pressure gas through reciprocating expansion engine. The iterative procedure to find the configuration of each cycle is explained in the thesis and can be used with minimum bare inputs. An experimental setup can be built through these configurations and better study can be performed. To obtain the results, residue in the iterations is taken to 0.1 for temperature, pressure and mass flow rate both. In the Claude cycle, for mass flow rate of 1.02 kg/sec and the pressure ratio of 40, the fraction of liquefaction is found 0.0646 while in the kapitza cycle, for mass flow rate of 1.35kg/sec and the pressure ratio of 40, the fraction of liquefaction is found as 0.040. It is found that, the pressure required to liquefy the gas is not practical in the case of Linde-Hampson cycle. Further, it is found that Claude and Kapitza cycle can be used for experimental purpose.
Piping design for LNG liquefaction systems
(Indian Maritime University, Kolkata Campus, 2019-06-20) Gupta, Satya Vart
Liquefied Natural gas is the future of the energy sector, as it is a source of clean energy. The liquefaction of natural gas is achieved at 111.67 K temperature, 1 atm; which is a cryogenic temperature. The cryogenic flow needs special attention because fluid, as well as material of the pipe, behave differently at cryogenic temperature. Two-phase flow is another critical point in the liquefaction of natural gas. The objective of this thesis work is to select the material of the pipe, calculate frictional losses in the pipe, and pressure drop in the pipe through which the cryogenic fluid flows. The frictional loss in the pipe mostly depends on Reynolds number, Roughness factor, and phase of flow. As the Reynolds number increases, the friction factor increases in a greater value. As the time lapses, corrosion and erosion factor plays a key role in frictional pressure drop. As there is an increment in pipe diameter, the pressure drop due to friction or frictional losses decrease but by virtue of that the weight of the piping system increases which is an unfavourable condition from an economic point of view. The flow in pipe encounters different forms of fluid in the liquefaction cycle of natural gas i.e. liquid phase flow, Gas phase flow and mix flow of liquid and gas. The Liquid flow and gas flow in a pipe are mainly deal with the Colebrook equation. Two-phase flow is a critical phenomenon in the liquefaction cycle. The pipe sizes mentioned in the result can be used for experimental setup. It is found that the corrosion factor is 0.3 and 3 mm respectively for a period of 30 years. Also, it is found that, there exists two phase flow after the joule Thomson expansion device. While selecting the pipe size, it has been observed that the thickness of the pipe greatly depend on internal pressure of the flowing fluid.
Design of plate fin heat exchanger with offset strip fins for the liquefaction of natural gases
(Indian Maritime University, Kolkata Campus, 2019-06-20) Kashiwal, Mukul; Eswara, Arun Kishore
In the cryogenic systems such as liquefier, cryo-coolers, etc. the heat exchangers are one of the most critical components. The heat exchanger used in cryogenic applications must have high effectiveness to produce a proper refrigerating effect and it should not be less than 85%. It has already experimented that if the value of the effectiveness of the heat exchangers falls below the design value, then the no liquid will be produced. On a general basis, there are so many heat exchangers available in the industry which are used in the cryogenic works but there is a special category of the heat exchangers that are available, which are now used widely because of there because of their compactness, low weight, and high effectiveness. These heat exchangers are known as the compact heat exchangers. The objective of this work is to design a plate fin heat exchanger, which is when used in the liquefaction cycle must be able to liquefy the natural gases and to produce 1000 Kg liquid ih a day, which can be transported easily for the various purposes through various ways. This work has been carried on the plate fin heat exchanger with selecting the offset strip fin, which is the most reliable fin design in the liquefaction applications. The work includes the two cryogenic fluids, one is methane and the other is propane. Propane is used as the coolant to bring down the temperature of methane to this close that when passed through the expander or by precooling in the liquefaction cycle it gets liquefied easily. Catia software was used to model the component and Matlab programming has also been done to design a plate fin heat exchanger. As the geometry were too complex to analyse in the software because of the physical memory limitation, a small symmetric part of the heat exchanger model were imported in the analysis software called Ansys 18.1 for the validation of the results and it can be concluded from the observations that the model is capable to do the desired function. A small variation in the calculation and analysis results has been observed, and the effectiveness of the heat exchanger was found to be above 90 %. Aluminium 3003 has been used as the material for the fins strips and for separating plate.
A Comparative study on garden reach ship builders & engineers shipyard and cochin shipyard LTD
(Indian Maritime University, Chennai Campus., 2020-07) Vijay, Anandu.; Mourougane, A.
A Study on inland water transportation in India
(Indian Maritime University, Chennai Campus., 2020-07) Kumar, Abhishek.; Mourougane, A.
A study on the factors influencing the effectiveness of e-commerce with reference to AMAZON
(Indian Maritime University, Kochi Campus, 2021-06) Balla, Navitha Srinivas; Yogamala, H. L.
A study on covid-19 vaccine cold chain storage, technology and distribution in India
(Indian Maritime University, Kochi Campus, 2021-06) Manuel, Alfred; Jayan, P. A.
A study on impact of covid – 19 pandemic on supply chain in automobile industry
(Indian Maritime University, Kochi Campus, 2021-06) Dineshan, Dinel; Jayan, P. A.
A study effectiveness of containerization with reference to dp world, kochi
(Indian Maritime University, Kochi Campus, 2021-06) Victor, Akash; Sreejith, U.
A descriptive study on challenge in logistics sector in India
(Indian Maritime University, Kochi Campus, 2021-06) Gargvansi, Abhinav; Yogamala, H. L.
A study on impact of technology in supply chain
(Indian Maritime University, Kochi Campus, 2021-06) Kalyan, Bobbili Jayanth; Sreejith, U.
A study on the impact of electronic data interchange in the shipping industry
(Indian Maritime University, Kochi Campus, 2021-06) Nediakala, Noah Leucas; Sreejith, U.
A study on impact of covid-19 on marine food products export in India with reference to MPEDA
(Indian Maritime University, Kochi Campus, 2021-06) Rahul, U. V.; Yogamala, H. L.
Impact of Covid-19 on logistics with reference to J. M. Baxi group
(Indian Maritime University, Kochi Campus, 2021-06) Abhinav, C. K.; Jayan, P. A.
Project report on study of blockchain technology in logistics and supply chain
(Indian Maritime University, Kochi Campus, 2021-06) Rahul; Jayan, P. A.
A study on container freight station and warehouse management with special reference to MIV Logistics Pvt Ltd
(Indian Maritime University, Kochi Campus, 2021-06) Paul, Jose; Jayan, P. A.